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Intra-chain 3D segment swapping spawns the evolution of new multidomain protein architectures

机译:链内3D片段交换催生了新的多域蛋白质架构的发展

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Multidomain proteins form in evolution through the concatenation of domains, but structural domains may comprise multiple segments of the chain. In this work, we demonstrate that new multidomain architectures can evolve by an apparent three-dimensional swap of segments between structurally similar domains within a single-chain monomer. By a comprehensive structural search of the current Protein Data Bank (PDB), we identified 32 well-defined segment-swapped proteins (SSPs) belonging to 18 structural families. Nearly 13% of all multidomain proteins in the PDB may have a segment-swapped evolutionary precursor as estimated by more permissive searching criteria. The formation of SSPs can be explained by two principal evolutionary mechanisms: (i) domain swapping and fusion (DSF) and (ii) circular permutation (CP). By large-scale comparative analyses using structural alignment and hidden Markov model methods, it was found that the majority of SSPs have evolved via the DSF mechanism, and a much smaller fraction, via CP. Functional analyses further revealed that segment swapping, which results in two linkers connecting the domains, may impart directed flexibility to multidomain proteins and contributes to the development of new functions. Thus, inter-domain segment swapping represents a novel general mechanism by which new protein folds and multidomain architectures arise in evolution, and SSPs have structural and functional properties that make them worth defining as a separate group.
机译:多结构域蛋白通过结构域的连接在进化中形成,但是结构域可以包含链的多个片段。在这项工作中,我们证明了新的多域体系结构可以通过在单链单体内结构相似的域之间明显的三维链段交换来发展。通过对当前蛋白质数据库(PDB)的全面结构搜索,我们确定了属于18个结构家族的32种明确定义的片段交换蛋白(SSP)。 PDB中所有多域蛋白质的近13%可能具有片段交换的进化前体,这是根据更宽容的搜索标准估算得出的。 SSP的形成可以通过两种主要的进化机制来解释:(i)域交换和融合(DSF)和(ii)循环置换(CP)。通过使用结构对准和隐马尔可夫模型方法的大规模比较分析,发现大多数SSP通过DSF机制演化,而通过CP演化的比例则小得多。功能分析进一步揭示了片段交换,其导致连接结构域的两个接头,可以赋予多结构域蛋白定向的灵活性,并有助于新功能的发展。因此,域间节间交换代表了一种新的通用机制,通过该机制,新的蛋白质折叠和多域结构在进化中出现,SSP具有结构和功能特性,因此值得将其定义为一个单独的基团。

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