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首页> 外文期刊>Current directions in psychological science: a journal of the American Psychological Society >Deliberate Practice: Necessary But Not Sufficient
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Deliberate Practice: Necessary But Not Sufficient

机译：刻意的实践：必要但不充分

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摘要

Deliberate practice (DP) occurs when an individual intentionally repeats an activity in order to improve performance. The claim of the DP framework is that such behavior is necessary to achieve high levels of expert performance. The proponents of the framework reject evidence that suggests that other variables are also necessary to achieve high levels of expert performance, or they claim that the relationship between those variables and expert performance is mediated by DP. Therefore, the DP framework also implies that DP is sufficient to achieve high levels of expert performance. We test these claims by reviewing studies on chess expertise. We found strong evidence that abundant DP is necessary (but not sufficient) and estimated that the minimum requirement to achieve master level is 3,000 hours of DP. We also review evidence showing that other factors play a role in chess skill: general cognitive abilities, sensitive period, handedness, and season of birth.
机译：当某人故意重复某项活动以提高表现时，就会进行故意练习（DP）。 DP框架的主张是，这种行为对于实现高水平的专家绩效是必需的。该框架的支持者拒绝了表明其他变量也是实现高水平专家绩效所必需的证据，或者他们声称这些变量与专家绩效之间的关系是由DP介导的。因此，DP框架还意味着DP足以实现高水平的专家绩效。我们通过审查有关国际象棋专业知识的研究来测试这些声明。我们发现有力的证据表明充足的DP是必要的（但不是足够的），并且估计达到硕士水平的最低要求是3,000小时的DP。我们还审查了表明其他因素在下棋技巧中起作用的证据：一般的认知能力，敏感期，惯用性和出生季节。

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