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首页> 外文期刊>Earth and Planetary Science Letters: A Letter Journal Devoted to the Development in Time of the Earth and Planetary System >Frictional stability and earthquake triggering during fluid pressure stimulation of an experimental fault
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Frictional stability and earthquake triggering during fluid pressure stimulation of an experimental fault

机译：玻璃稳定性和地震触发在实验故障的流体压力刺激过程中

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It is widely recognized that the significant increase of M > 3.0 earthquakes in Western Canada and the Central United States is related to underground fluid injection. Following injection, fluid overpressure lubricates the fault and reduces the effective normal stress that holds the fault in place, promoting slip. Although, this basic physical mechanism for earthquake triggering and fault slip is well understood, there are, many open questions related to induced seismicity. Models of earthquake nucleation based on rate- and state-friction predict that fluid overpressure should stabilize fault slip rather than trigger earthquakes. To address this controversy, we conducted laboratory creep experiments to monitor fault slip evolution at constant shear stress while the effective normal stress was systematically reduced via increasing fluid pressure. We sheared layers of carbonate-bearing fault gouge in a double direct shear configuration within a true-triaxial pressure vessel. We show that fault slip evolution is controlled by the stress state acting on the fault and that fluid pressurization can trigger dynamic instability even in cases of rate strengthening friction, which should favor aseismic creep. During fluid pressurization, when shear and effective normal stresses reach the failure condition, accelerated creep occurs in association with fault dilation; further pressurization leads to an exponential acceleration with fault compaction and slip localization. Our work indicates that fault weakening induced by fluid pressurization can overcome rate strengthening friction resulting in fast acceleration and earthquake slip. Our work points to modifications of the standard model for earthquake nucleation to account for the effect of fluid overpressure and to accurately predict the seismic risk associated with fluid injection. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：众所周知，加拿大西部和中部地区M> 3.0地震的大幅增加与地下流体注入有关。注射后，流体过度压力润滑故障并降低保持故障的有效正常应力，促进滑动。虽然，这种基本的地震触发和故障滑动的基本物理机制得到了很好的理解，有许多与诱导地震有关的开放性问题。基于速率和状态摩擦预测的地震成核模型预测流体过度压力应稳定故障滑动而不是触发地震。为了解决这一争议，我们进行了实验室蠕变实验，以监测恒定剪切应力下的故障滑动演化，而通过增加流体压力系统地减少了有效的正常应力。在真正的三轴压力容器中，我们在双直剪建配置中剪切碳酸盐含量故障凿孔层。我们表明故障滑动演进由作用于故障的应力状态控制，并且流体加压即使在速率强化摩擦的情况下也可以引发动态不稳定，这应该有利于抗性蠕变。在流体加压期间，当剪切和有效的正常应力达到故障状况时，加速蠕变与故障扩张相关联;进一步的加压导致具有故障压实和滑移定位的指数加速度。我们的作品表明，流体加压引起的故障削弱可以克服速率强化摩擦，从而产生快速加速和地震滑动。我们的作品指出了地震成核的标准模型的修改，以考虑流体过压的影响，并准确地预测与流体注入相关的地震风险。 （c）2017年Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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