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首页> 外文期刊>Forest Ecology and Management >Size-growth relationship, tree spatial patterns, and tree-tree competition influence tree growth and stand complexity in a 160-year red pine chronosequence
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Size-growth relationship, tree spatial patterns, and tree-tree competition influence tree growth and stand complexity in a 160-year red pine chronosequence

机译：尺寸 - 生长关系，树空间模式和树木竞争影响树的增长并在160年的红松一致性中展望复杂性

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Extended rotations have been suggested as a strategy for balancing timber production and ecological objectives. By lengthening the period of stand development, extended rotations may increase tree size inequality and other elements of structural complexity, thus reducing the disparity between managed and old-growth stands. A potential limitation of extended rotations is the tradeoff between reduced stand-level productivity and greater large-tree growth that typically occurs with stand age. The mechanisms driving this tradeoff have not been fully explored. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the size-growth relationship (SGR), tree spatial patterns, and tree-tree competition along an established 160-yr chronosequence of 19 single-cohort, unthinned red pine (Pines resinosa) stands in northern Minnesota, USA. We analyzed SGR, a stand-level metric used to estimate the relative efficiency with which different sized trees utilize available resources, to assess how the relationship between tree size and growth changed over an extended period of stand development. We performed spatial analysis to examine whether tree spatial clustering, a criterion of structural complexity, increased with stand age. We modeled individual-tree biomass increment to test whether competition along the chronosequence was size-symmetric (access of individual trees to resources is directly proportional to size) or size-asymmetric (larger trees suppress the growth of smaller individuals by preempting resources), and how SGR, tree spatial patterns, and competition together influenced individual-tree growth. We found low SGR (i.e., disproportionately slow growth of larger trees compared to smaller trees) across the chronosequence, a finding that contrasts with hypothesized models of SGR during stand development but is consistent with previous research on pine-dominated systems. Tree spatial patterns trended towards clustering with stand age, indicating higher structural complexity over time. In agreement with our SGR findings, competition across the chronosequence was size symmetric, suggesting that competition reduced individual-tree growth while maintaining relative size equality. Individual-tree biomass increment was strongly dependent on tree size, with the growth of small trees appearing relatively less affected by competition. Differences in SGR did not translate into individual-tree growth, and tree spatial clustering was associated with reduced growth, especially in larger trees. Our results indicate that disproportionately slow large-tree growth and size-symmetric competition throughout stand development may delay the emergence of stand structural complexity in extended rotation red pine stands. Silvicultural treatments may be required to promote stand structural complexity and increase large crop-tree growth.
机译：已经建议延长旋转作为平衡木材生产和生态目标的策略。通过延长展台的发展时期，延长的旋转可能会增加树尺寸不等式和结构复杂性的其他元素，从而降低了管理和旧成长架之间的视差。扩展旋转的潜在限制是衡量级别生产率和更大的大树增长之间的权衡，通常随着站立年龄而发生的。驾驶该权衡的机制尚未得到充分探索。为了填补这种知识差距，我们调查了沿着190年的190年的160年的160年的三核（STRON）的160年的三队（Pines Residosa）在明尼苏达州的成熟160年的160年代的成熟关系（SGR），树空间模式和树木竞争， 美国。我们分析了SGR，用于估计不同尺寸树木利用可用资源的相对效率的架级指标，以评估树大小与增长之间的关系在延长的立场开发时变化。我们进行了空间分析，以检查树空间聚类是否是结构复杂性的标准，随着站立年龄而增加。我们建模了个体树生物量增量，以测试沿着计时性的竞争是否尺寸对称（个别树的访问与资源成正比）或尺寸不对称（较大的树木通过抢占资源抑制较小的人的增长），以及SGR，树空间模式和竞争如何影响个人树的增长。我们发现低SGR（即，与较小的树木相比，较大的树木的增长较慢，与较小的树木相比）在展台开发期间与SGR的假设模型形成鲜明对比，但与先前的松木主导系统的研究一致。树空间模式趋向于展望年龄的聚类，表明随着时间的推移表现出更高的结构复杂性。在与我们的SGR结果一致中，对称性的竞争是对称的大小，表明竞争减少了个体树增长，同时保持相对尺寸平等。个体树生物质增量强烈依赖于树尺寸，随着竞争的影响，小树的生长出现相对较低。 SGR的差异没有转化为单独的树木生长，树空间聚类与增长率降低相关，特别是在较大的树木中。我们的结果表明，在整个展台发展中不成比例地减缓大树增长和大小对称竞争可能会延缓延长旋转红松站立结构复杂性的出现。可能需要造林治疗来促进立场结构复杂性并增加大作物树生长。

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