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In situ study of single-walled carbon nanotube growth in an environmental scanning electron microscope

机译：在环境扫描电子显微镜下单壁碳纳米管生长的原位研究

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Monitoring individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) during their growth is a highly sought-after goal in view of understanding the processes involved in the nucleation, elongation and termination which ultimately control the diameter and chiral selectivity. Here, we report on the first truly in situ observations of SWCNT growth in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The CNT growth from lithographically patterned catalysts was investigated as a function of the catalyst type (Fe, Co or Ni), temperature, type of precursor (ethanol or acetylene), gas phase composition and pressure, and pretreatment conditions, and we report on the most appropriate conditions for SWCNT growth in ESEM conditions. We show that this approach allows the observation at the submicron scale of the different steps of the nanotube synthesis including the catalyst reduction, the growth and percolation of the nanotube network, and the deposition of individual nanotubes grown in the gas phase on the substrate. Despite these obvious advantages, we identified a few limitations which will need to be tackled for fully taking advantage of the approach, for instance for monitoring the growth of individual SWCNTs by ESEM, including the short lifetime of the catalyst nanoparticles, the preference for kite growth (by opposition to surface growth) and the influence of the electron beam on the nanotube growth.
机译：鉴于了解核心，伸长和终止的过程，在其增长期间监测单个围墙碳纳米管（SWCNTS）是一种高度追捧的目标，这是核心，伸长和终止的过程，最终控制直径和手性选择性。在此，我们在环境扫描电子显微镜（ESEM）中的SWCNT生长的第一个真正观察到。研究了来自光刻图案化催化剂的CNT生长作为催化剂型（Fe，Co或Ni），温度，前体类型（乙醇或乙炔），气相组成和压力以及预处理条件的函数，以及我们报告最适合ESEM条件下的SWCNT生长的条件。我们表明这种方法允许在纳米管合成的不同步骤的亚微米尺度上观察，包括催化剂降低，纳米管网络的生长和渗透，以及在基板上的气相中生长的单个纳米管的沉积。尽管有这些明显的优势，但我们确定了一些限制，这需要解决，以充分利用这种方法，例如用于监测催化剂纳米颗粒的短寿命，包括催化剂纳米颗粒的短寿命，依次进行催化剂生长的偏好（反对表面生长）和电子束对纳米管生长的影响。

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