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XPS investigation of titanium contact formation to ZnO nanowires

机译：XPS对ZnO纳米线的钛接触形成研究

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摘要

Ti is often used to form an initial Ohmic interface between ZnO and Au due to its low work function, and the TiO2/ZnO heterojunction is also of great importance for many practical applications of nanoparticles. Here, Ti has been controllably deposited onto hydrothermally grown ZnO nanowires and the formation of metal-semiconductor contact has been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. XPS results showed that that the Ti initially reacts with surface oxygen species to form TiO2, and further deposition results in the formation of oxides with oxidation state numbers lower than four, and eventually metallic Ti on top of the TiO2. The formation of TiC was also observed. XPS showed that the onset of metallic Ti coincided with a Zn 3p core level shift to lower binding energy, indicating upwards band bending and the formation of a rectifying contact. Annealing caused a near-complete conversion of the metallic Ti to TiO2 and caused the Zn 3p to shift back to its original higher binding energy, resulting in downwards band bending and a more Ohmic contact. PL measurements showed that the optical properties of the nanowires are not affected by the contact formation.
机译：Ti通常用于在ZnO和Au之间形成初始欧姆接口，由于其低功函数，而TiO2 / ZnO异质结也非常重要，对于纳米粒子的许多实际应用也非常重要。这里，Ti已被可控地沉积在水热生长的ZnO纳米线上，并且已经使用X射线光电子能谱（XPS），光致发光（PL）光谱和扫描电子显微镜研究了金属半导体接触的形成。 XPS结果表明，Ti最初用表面氧物质反应形成TiO 2，进一步的沉积导致氧化氧化物的形成低于四个，最终在TiO 2顶部的金属Ti。也观察到TIC的形成。 XPS表明，金属Ti的起始与Zn 3P芯水平转移到下绑定能量，表示向上带弯曲和整流接触的形成。退火导致金属Ti对TiO 2的近乎完全转化，并使Zn 3P转回其原始更高的绑定能量，从而导致向下的带弯曲和更欧姆接触。 PL测量表明，纳米线的光学性质不受接触形成的影响。

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