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Inherent physiological artifacts in EEG during tDCS

机译：TDCS期间EEG中固有的生理伪影

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摘要

Online imaging and neuromodulation is invalid if stimulation distorts measurements beyond the point of accurate measurement. In theory, combining transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) with electroencephalography (EEG) is compelling, as both use non-invasive electrodes and image-guided dose can be informed by the reciprocity principle. To distinguish real changes in EEG from stimulation artifacts, prior studies applied conventional signal processing techniques (e.g. high-pass filtering, ICA). Here, we address the assumptions underlying the suitability of these approaches. We distinguish physiological artifacts - defined as artifacts resulting from interactions between the stimulation induced voltage and the body and so inherent regardless of tDCS or EEG hardware performance - from methodology-related artifacts - arising from non-ideal experimental conditions or non-ideal stimulation and recording equipment performance. Critically, we identify inherent physiological artifacts which are present in all online EEG-tDCS: 1) cardiac distortion and 2) ocular motor distortion. In conjunction, non-inherent physiological artifacts which can be minimized in most experimental conditions include: 1) motion and 2) myogenic distortion. Artifact dynamics were analyzed for varying stimulation parameters (montage, polarity, current) and stimulation hardware. Together with concurrent physiological monitoring (ECG, respiration, ocular, EMG, head motion), and current flow modeling, each physiological artifact was explained by biological source-specific body impedance changes, leading to incremental changes in scalp DC voltage that are significantly larger than real neural signals. Because these artifacts modulate the DC voltage and scale with applied current, they are dose specific such that their contamination cannot be accounted for by conventional experimental controls (e.g. differing stimulation montage or current as a control). Moreover, because the EEG artifacts introduced by physiologic processes during tDCS are high dimensional (as indicated by Generalized Singular Value Decomposition-GSVD), non-stationary, and overlap highly with neurogenic frequencies, these artifacts cannot be easily removed with conventional signal processing techniques. Spatial filtering techniques (GSVD) suggest that the removal of physiological artifacts would significantly degrade signal integrity. Physiological artifacts, as defined here, would emerge only during tDCS, thus processing techniques typically applied to EEG in the absence of tDCS would not be suitable for artifact removal during tDCS. All concurrent EEG-tDCS must account for physiological artifacts that are a) present regardless of equipment used, and b) broadband and confound a broad range of experiments (e.g. oscillatory activity and event related potentials). Removal of these artifacts requires the recognition of their non-stationary, physiology-specific dynamics, and individualized nature. We present a broad taxonomy of artifacts (non/stimulation related), and suggest possible approaches and challenges to denoising online EEG-tDCS stimulation artifacts.
机译：如果刺激扭曲测量的在线成像和神经调节无效超出准确的测量点。从理论上讲，结合经颅直流电刺激（TDCS）与脑电图（EEG）是引人注目的，因为这两个使用非侵入电极和图像引导的剂量可通过互易原理被告知。为了区分从刺激伪影在EEG的实际变化，之前的研究应用于传统的信号处理技术（例如高通滤波，ICA）。在这里，我们解决这些方法的适用性的假设。我们区分生理工件 - 定义为从刺激诱发电压和本体等固有之间的相互作用产生的，无论TDCS或EEG的硬件性能工件 - 从方法相关的伪像 - 来自非理想的实验条件或非理想刺激和记录所产生的设备的性能。关键的是，我们确定固有生理伪影，其存在于所有的在线EEG-TDCS：1）心脏失真和2）眼运动失真。结合，它可以在大多数的实验条件来最小化非固有生理工件包括：1）运动和2）生肌失真。伪影动力学分析用于改变刺激参数（蒙太奇，极性，电流）和刺激的硬件。连同并发生理监测（ECG，呼吸，眼，EMG，头部运动），并且电流流动建模，每个生理伪影是由生物源特定的体阻抗的变化所解释的，从而导致在头皮的直流电压是比显著较大的增量变化真正的神经信号。因为这些工件调制的直流电压和与规模施加电流，它们是特定剂量，使得它们的污染不能占通过常规实验对照（例如不同的刺激蒙太奇或电流作为对照）。此外，由于TDCS期间由生理过程引入的EEG假象是高维（由广义奇异值分解-GSVD所指示的），非固定的，并且重叠高度神经源性的频率，这些伪影不能被容易地用常规的信号处理技术去除。空间滤波技术（GSVD）表明，除去生理伪影会显著劣化信号的完整性。生理工件，如这里定义的，将只TDCS期间出现，因而处理一般在不存在TDCS的施加到EEG技术将不适合于TDCS期间伪影消除。所有并发EEG-TDCS必须考虑其是a）本不管使用的设备，和b的生理工件）宽带和混淆了广泛的实验（例如，振荡活动和事件相关电位）。这些文物的过程需要承认自己的非平稳，生理专用动态的，和个性化性质。我们目前的文物（非/刺激相关）的广泛分类，并提出可能的办法和挑战消噪在线EEG-TDCS刺激文物。

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