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首页> 外文期刊>Phytochemistry >Pollinator specialization in the enigmatic Rafflesia cantleyi: A true carrion flower with species-specific and sex-biased blow fly pollinators
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Pollinator specialization in the enigmatic Rafflesia cantleyi: A true carrion flower with species-specific and sex-biased blow fly pollinators

机译：Collinator专业化在神秘的rafflesia cantleyi：一个真正的腐肉花，物种特异性和性别偏见的吹蝇粉粉

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摘要

The plants of the enigmatic genus Raffiesia are well known for their gigantic flowers and their floral features such as pungent floral scent and vivid dark color, which mimics the food/brood sites of carrion. However, information on the pollination biology of this plant group remains limited and mostly anecdotal. In the present paper, we studied the floral volatiles of R. cantleyi Solms-Laubach and their role in pollinator attraction. To achieve these aims, the floral scent was collected in situ in the field using a dynamic headspace method followed by chemical analysis via GC-MS. The olfactory preferences of pollinators to the identified chemical compounds, were tested singly and in blends, in flight tunnel bioassays and compared with responses to headspace floral extracts. In addition, flower-visiting calliphorid flies and the local carrion fly community were sampled and identified. Five species of calliphorid flies (subfamilies of Chrysomyinae and Calliphorinae), all females, were found on the flowers, whereas nine species were found in the traps that were baited with tainted meat in the surrounding habitat. However, only flower visitors of one blow fly species, Chrysomya chani Kurahashi, were observed to carry R. cantleyi pollen after visiting male flowers. The floral volatiles emitted by male flowers in full bloom were dominated by two sulphur-containing compounds, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). These were accompanied by other minor compounds such as benzenoids (4), monoterpenoids (4), trace amounts of aliphatic compounds (1), and sesquiterpenes (1). In flight-tunnel bioassays, a female-specific positive response of C. chani flies to individual DMDS, DMTS, and a blend of DMDS and DMTS was evident. Our findings suggest that R. cantleyi biochemically mimics carrion and that relative ratio of oligosulfides in the floral scent play a key role in sex-biased pollinator specialization, attracting only female C. chani carrion flies to the flowers.
机译：神秘的属植物的植物是巨大的花朵和它们的花香花卉功能，如刺激性花香和鲜艳的暗色彩，模仿腐肉的食物/育雏部位。但是，有关该植物组授粉生物学的信息仍然有限，主要是轶事。在本文中，我们研究了R. Contleyi Solms-Laubach的花卉挥发物及其在Collinator吸引中的作用。为了实现这些目标，使用动态顶空方法原位收集花香气味，然后通过GC-MS进行化学分析。传染案到所确定的化合物的嗅偏好，在飞行隧道生物测定中单独和共混物进行测试，并与对网状花质萃取物的反应进行比较。此外，采样和鉴定出花盆咔啉苍蝇和当地腐肉菌群。所有女性在花上发现了五种Calliphorid（Chrysomineine和Calliphorinae的亚细菊属），而在鲜花中发现，而在陷阱中发现九种物种在周围栖息地被污染的肉。然而，只有一只吹蝇物种的花游客，在访问雄花后，观察到一次吹蝇Chani Kurahashi，携带R. Contley花粉。较盛开的雄性花朵发出的花卉挥发物由含硫化合物，二甲基二硫醚（DMDS）和三硫化物（DMT）中的含硫化合物。这些伴有其他次要化合物，如苯突（4），单波子萜（4），痕量的脂族化合物（1）和筛标（1）。在飞行隧道生物测定中，C. Chani的雌性特异性阳性反应苍蝇与单独的DMDS，DMTS和DMDS和DMT的混合物是显而易见的。我们的研究结果表明，R. Borleyi生物化学模拟腐肉和寡核苷酸在花香中的相对比在性别偏见的粉碎机专业中发挥着关键作用，仅吸引了雌性C. Chani Carrion飞行到鲜花中。

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