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首页> 外文期刊>Current Science: A Fortnightly Journal of Research >DNA structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick double helix [Review]
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DNA structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick double helix [Review]

机译：DNA结构：重新审视Watson-Crick双螺旋[综述]

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摘要

Watson and Crick's postulation in 1953, exactly 50 years ago, of a double helical structure for DNA, heralded a revolution in our understanding of biology at the molecular level. The fact that it immediately suggested a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material aroused the maximum interest, but the structure itself (often referred to as the B-DNA structure, by association with the corresponding X-ray fibre pattern) has also attained an almost iconic status. It was for a long time regarded as being the only biologically relevant structure, even though Watson and Crick had themselves pointed out that the structure could readily undergo changes, depending on the environment. Subsequent studies on synthetic poly-nucleotides as well as naturally occurring DNA sequences with certain repeat patterns, have established that the DNA molecule could have intrinsic, as well as environment-induced, structural polymorphism. Some of the structures show only minor differences, from the canonical structure, while a few are completely different, even in their essential features, such as handedness, base-pairing scheme or number of strands. The various DNA structures have been characterized as A, B, C, etc. and there is a DNA structure associated with 18 other letters of the English alphabet. Only the letters F, Q, U, V and Y are left to choose from, to describe any new forms of DNA structure that may appear in future! Apart from these structures, with a one-letter 'name', there are several other generic descriptions of DNA structure and many such structures have been characterized in recent years. It is reasonable to expect that the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome (leading to a 2 m long molecule which is packaged in a microscopic size nucleus) will exhibit a variety of polymorphic forms, which could be important for the biological packaging as well as function of DNA. It is also clear that the ideal and canonical Watson-Crick DNA structure is indeed just that - an ideal and aesthetic representation of the DNA molecule, which actually possesses a chameleon-like property of adapting itself to its environment and function by twisting,- turning and stretching. Some of these structures are discussed here as also the lacunae in our current understanding of the dynamics of DNA structure.
机译：沃森和克里克（Watson and Crick）于50年前（即50年前）提出了DNA的双螺旋结构的假设，这预示着我们在分子水平上对生物学的理解方面的革命。它立即提示了一种可能的遗传物质复制机制这一事实引起了人们的极大兴趣，但是这种结构本身（通常与相应的X射线纤维图相关联的B-DNA结构）也已经获得了几乎标志性状态。长期以来，它被认为是唯一与生物学相关的结构，尽管Watson和Crick自己指出，根据环境的不同，该结构很容易发生变化。随后对合成多核苷酸以及具有某些重复模式的天然DNA序列的研究已经确定，DNA分子可能具有固有的以及环境诱导的结构多态性。一些结构与规范结构仅显示微小差异，而一些结构甚至在本质特征（例如惯用性，碱基配对方案或链数）方面完全不同。各种DNA结构的特征是A，B，C等，并且存在与英语字母表中的其他18个字母相关的DNA结构。只剩下字母F，Q，U，V和Y可供选择，以描述将来可能出现的任何新形式的DNA结构！除了这些结构外，还有一个字母“名称”，还有其他一些关于DNA结构的通用描述，并且近年来已经对许多此类结构进行了表征。可以合理预期人类基因组中的30亿个碱基对（导致一个2 m长的分子被包装在一个微观尺寸的核中）将表现出多种多态性形式，这对于生物包装也很重要作为DNA的功能。同样清楚的是，理想的和规范的沃森克里克DNA结构确实就是这样-DNA分子的理想和美学表现，它实际上具有变色龙般的特性，可以通过扭转，转折来适应环境和功能和伸展运动。在本文中，我们目前对DNA结构动力学的理解还讨论了其中的一些结构，以及它们的缺陷。

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