Smallpox has been a major epidemic disease since the dawn of history. Caused by the variola virus-a large DNA virus, which is a strict human pathogen with no carrier state. The virus belongs to a related group of viruses causing pox-like infections in other mammals. The milder infections caused by these animal viruses in humans generate excellent immunity against smallpox, as does natural or artificial-induced smallpox infection. These properties enabled a worldwide eradication programme and smallpox became the first human epidemic disease to be eradicated. However, the high infectivity of the virus, its transmissibility, high mortality of the major variety and lack of specific chemotherapeutic agents makes the virus an important biological weapon. The apprehension that some unauthorized stocks are extant and available to terrorist groups has generated some anxiety. This review attempts to revive the knowledge about an important (albeit non-existent) infection and trace the international effort that achieved a public health landmark. The weapon potential of the variola virus has been discussed and possible remedies outlined.
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