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首页> 外文期刊>Current Science: A Fortnightly Journal of Research >Guidelines for research and utilization of genetically modified fish
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Guidelines for research and utilization of genetically modified fish

机译：转基因鱼类研究和利用指南

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Asian scientists are the first to initiate research in transgenic fish and Asia is the centre of research activity in transgenic fish. Transgenic fish thus far generated display desirable traits, excepting a few, in which reproductive performance seems to have been impaired. Only 12 countries have framed their respective national policy or regulations on genetically modified aquatic organisms. However, transgenic research is growing so fast that these guidelines and regulations will have to be revised from time to time. GH-transgenes are analogous to selected and/or domesticated lines, capable of growing 4-5 times faster. Transgenics, that are anti,freeze protein transformants, may not interJere as much as exotic fish. Regarding biological containment, available methods for inducing sterility of transgenics are briefly described. A notification by the Gazette of India has defined a number of terms like 'cell hybridization', 'gene technology', 'genetic engineering', etc. which are relevant to the term 'Genetically modified organisms (GMO)'. For instance, genetic engineering is defined as the technique by which heritable material, which does not usually and/or naturally occur in the organism or the cell concerned, but is generated outside the organism or cell, is inserted into the said cell or organism and results in its genetic modification. However, a broader version of GMO includes progenies of hybridization, ploidy induction and transgenesis. In fish, pre-embryonic events are manipulable and 35 different types of ploidy inductions are possible. Interspecific and interploidy (4n vs 2n) hybridizations in a few sahnonids and cyprinids induce sterile and fertile triploid, respectively. Table I shows that almost all ploidy types occur in nature also. As induction of ploidy results in different qualitative and quantitative alterations of the native chromosomes, this aspect is not considered here, although some of its benefits are discussed under biological containment. Transgenics are generated through microinjection or electroporation of solution containing a recombinant DNA construct into the newly fertilized eggs. Thus the recombinant DNA and transfer technology allows the transfer, inheritance and expression of a specific DNA sequence of heterologous or homologous origin. In fish, it is now possible to generate transgenics bearing growth-hormone gene or anti-freeze protein genes. The first one results in the generation of 10-30 times accelerated growth and the second one confers the capacity to tolerate ice-cold waters. This report is therefore confined to the present status of guidelines and regulations imposed on research in transgenic fish and their potential commercial production in farms and natural habitats.
机译：亚洲科学家是最早从事转基因鱼类研究的科学家，而亚洲是转基因鱼类研究活动的中心。到目前为止，产生的转基因鱼显示出令人满意的特性，除了少数几个，其中生殖性能似乎受到了损害。只有12个国家制定了有关转基因水生生物的国家政策或法规。但是，转基因研究的发展如此之快，以至于这些指南和法规将不得不不时进行修订。 GH转基因类似于选择的和/或驯化的品系，能够更快地生长4-5倍。作为抗冻蛋白转化体的转基因，可能不如外来鱼类入侵。关于生物收容，简要描述了诱导转基因不育的可用方法。印度公报发布的通知已定义了许多术语，例如“细胞杂交”，“基因技术”，“基因工程”等，与术语“基因改造生物（GMO）”相关。例如，基因工程被定义为一种技术，通过该技术可遗传的物质被插入所述的细胞或生物体中，所述的遗传的物质通常和/或自然地不存在于所涉及的生物体或细胞中，而是在生物体或细胞外产生。导致其遗传修饰。但是，更广泛的GMO版本包括杂交，倍性诱导和转基因后代。在鱼类中，可控制胚胎前事件，并且可能进行35种不同类型的倍性诱导。在一些sahnonids和cyprinids中的种间和四倍体杂交（4n对2n）杂交分别诱导不育和可育三倍体。表一表明，几乎所有的倍性类型都存在于自然界中。由于倍性的诱导导致天然染色体发生不同的定性和定量改变，尽管在生物学控制下讨论了其某些优点，但此处未考虑此方面。通过将含有重组DNA构建体的溶液显微注射或电穿孔到新受精的卵中来产生转基因。因此，重组DNA和转移技术允许异源或同源来源的特定DNA序列的转移，遗传和表达。在鱼类中，现在有可能产生带有生长激素基因或抗冻蛋白基因的转基因。第一个产生10-30倍的加速生长，第二个赋予耐受冰冷水的能力。因此，本报告仅限于对转基因鱼的研究及其在农场和自然栖息地的潜在商业生产所施加的准则和法规的现状。

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