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Soft X-ray spectroscopy of nanoparticles by velocity map imaging

机译：纳米颗粒的软X射线光谱通过速度映射成像

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摘要

Velocity map imaging (VMI), a technique traditionally used to study chemical dynamics in the gas phase, is applied here to study X-ray photoemission from aerosol nanoparticles. Soft X-rays from the Advanced Light Source synchrotron, probe a beam of nanoparticles, and the resulting photoelectrons are velocity mapped to obtain their kinetic energy distributions. A new design of the VMI spectrometer is described. The spectrometer is benchmarked by measuring vacuum ultraviolet photoemission from gas phase xenon and squalene nanoparticles followed by measurements using soft X-rays. It is demonstrated that the photoelectron distribution from X-ray irradiated squalene nanoparticles is dominated by secondary electrons. By scanning the photon energies and measuring the intensities of these secondary electrons, a near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectrum is obtained. The NEXAFS technique is used to obtain spectra of aqueous nanoparticles at the oxygen K edge. By varying the position of the aqueous nanoparticle beam relative to the incident X-ray beam, evidence is presented such that the VMI technique allows for NEXAFS spectroscopy of water in different physical states. Finally, we discuss the possibility of applying VMI methods to probe liquids and solids via X-ray spectroscopy.
机译：速度映射成像（VMI），传统上用于研究气相中的化学动态的技术，用于研究来自气溶胶纳米颗粒的X射线照相。来自先进光源同步的软X射线，探针纳米颗粒，所得到的光电子是梯形的速度，以获得其动能分布。描述了VMI光谱仪的新设计。光谱仪通过测量来自气相氙和角鲨烯纳米粒子的真空紫外线，然后使用软X射线测量来基准。证明来自X射线照射的角鲨烯纳米粒子的光电子分布由二次电子支配。通过扫描光子能量并测量这些二次电子的强度，获得近边缘X射线吸收细结构（NexaFS）谱。 NexaFS技术用于在氧气K边缘获得含水纳米颗粒的光谱。通过改变纳米颗粒束相对于入射X射线束的位置，提出了证据，使得VMI技术允许不同物理状态的水的NexaFS光谱。最后，我们讨论了应用VMI方法通过X射线光谱探测液体和固体的可能性。

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