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Early events in lymphopoiesis: An update

机译：淋巴细胞生成的早期事件：更新

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Purpose of Review: Cells of the immune system are replaced in large numbers throughout life, and the underlying mechanisms have been extensively studied. Whereas the pace of discovery in this area is unprecedented, many questions remain, particularly with respect to lymphocyte formation. RECENT FINDINGS: While transcription factors have long been a focus of investigation, microRNAs are also being implicated in lymphopoiesis. Lymphocytes are normally replaced in correct proportion to other blood cells, but ratios change dramatically during infections. Long-standing issues relating to T versus B lineage divergence remain but have been enriched with remarkable new findings about thymus seeding. There are indications that at least some age-related changes in lymphopoiesis may be reversible. Finally, knowledge obtained from studies of mice is slowly being extended to humans. SUMMARY: We can now appreciate that new lymphoid progenitors are drawn from a heterogeneous collection of hematopoietic stem cells through asynchronous patterns of gene expression. Complex interactions then occur between the gene products, preparing lymphoid progenitors to respond to environmental cues. Whereas unique markers describe the process of lymphocyte formation in humans, fundamental information now available should suggest ways to promote rebound from chemotherapy or transplantation and reverse declines associated with aging.
机译：审查目的：免疫系统的细胞在一生中被大量替换，其潜在机制已得到广泛研究。尽管在这一领域的发现速度是空前的，但仍然存在许多问题，特别是在淋巴细胞形成方面。最近的发现：虽然转录因子一直是研究的重点，但microRNA也与淋巴细胞生成有关。淋巴细胞通常以与其他血细胞正确的比例被替换，但是在感染过程中比率会发生巨大变化。与T与B谱系差异有关的长期问题仍然存在，但关于胸腺播种的新发现已得到充实。有迹象表明，至少一些与年龄相关的淋巴细胞生成变化可能是可逆的。最后，从小鼠研究中获得的知识正在缓慢地扩展到人类。简介：我们现在可以理解，新的淋巴样祖细胞是通过基因表达的异步模式从造血干细胞的异质集合中提取的。然后在基因产物之间发生复杂的相互作用，使淋巴样祖细胞对环境线索做出反应。尽管独特的标记物描述了人类淋巴细胞形成的过程，但目前可用的基本信息应建议促进化疗或移植后反弹以及与衰老相关的逆转下降的方法。

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