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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Experimental Biology >Echo-acoustic scanning with noseleaf and ears in phyllostomid bats
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Echo-acoustic scanning with noseleaf and ears in phyllostomid bats

机译：用乳头杆菌蝙蝠乳头叶和耳朵的回声声扫描

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The mammalian visual system is highly directional and mammals typically employ rapid eye movements to scan their environment. Both sound emission and hearing in echolocating bats are directional but not much is known about how bats use ear movements and possibly movements of the sound-emitting structures to scan space. Here, we investigated in a tightly controlled behavioural experiment how Phyllostomus discolor bats employ their echolocation system while being moved through differently structured environments: we monitored and reconstructed both a close-up of the facial structures in 3D, including the motile noseleaf and outer ears, and the sonar-beam of the bat while it was moved along reflectors. Despite the simple linear movement of the bats in the setup, the bats pointed their beam quite variably in azimuth with a standard deviation of about +/- 20 deg. This variation arises from yaw-type head rotations. Video analyses show that the bat's noseleaf twitches with every echolocation call. Second, we show that the bat's ears are raised to a rather stereotypical head-centred position with every echolocation call. Surprisingly, P. discolor can adjust the timing and the magnitude of these ear movements to the distance of the reflectors with millisecond precision. Our findings reveal echolocation-specific specialisations as well as general principles of scanning and stabilisation of a directional remote sense. The call-correlated movements of the facial structures may lead to a higher directionality of the echolocation system and may enable the bats to adjust their echo-acoustic gaze to dynamic environments.
机译：哺乳动物视觉系统是高定向的，哺乳动物通常采用快速的眼球运动来扫描它们的环境。呼应蝙蝠的声音和听力都是定向的，但并不多么了解蝙蝠如何使用耳动运动以及可能的声音结构移动到扫描空间的情况。在这里，我们在一个紧密控制的行为实验中进行了研究，Phyllostomus褪色蝙蝠在通过不同结构化环境的同时采用它们的回声机组：我们监测并重建了3D中面部结构的特写，包括电机诺克莱夫和外耳，和蝙蝠的声纳束，而蝙蝠沿着反射器移动。尽管在设置中蝙蝠的线性运动简单，但蝙蝠在方位角中可变地指向它们的光束，标准偏差约为+/-20°。这种变化由偏航型头旋转产生。视频分析表明，蝙蝠的NOSELEAF与每个呼应呼叫的侦探。其次，我们表明蝙蝠的耳朵被提升到一个相当刻板的头部中心位置，每个回声调用都是一个相当刻板的头部位置。令人惊讶的是，P.褪色可以用毫秒精度调节对反射器的距离的定时和大小。我们的调查结果显示了对特定的特定专业，以及扫描和稳定的一般原则。面部结构的呼叫相关运动可能导致回声机系统的更高方向性，并且可以使蝙蝠能够将它们的回声声学凝视调节到动态环境。

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