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首页> 外文期刊>Desalination: The International Journal on the Science and Technology of Desalting and Water Purification >Investigating the development and reproducibility of heterogeneous gypsum scaling on reverse osmosis membranes using real-time membrane surface imaging
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Investigating the development and reproducibility of heterogeneous gypsum scaling on reverse osmosis membranes using real-time membrane surface imaging

机译：使用实时膜表面成像研究异质石膏缩放对反渗透膜的开发和再现性

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摘要

Reproducibility of heterogeneous gypsum scale development on a reverse osmosis membrane was investigated using real-time membrane surface imaging by light microscopy. Temporal scale development in nine identical experiments using virgin membrane samples followed reproducible trends with decreasing rate of detected crystals, linear increase of fractional surface coverage and decreasing rate of crystal growth. Significant scatter, however, was observed in between individual experiments with respect to absolute values for determined scaling parameters. Using an intentionally higher scale-forming ion concentration (+ 4.1%), scaling behavior lay within the previously observed scatter. Contrarily, stainless steel particles led to significantly higher crystal number densities and smaller mean crystal diameters, while surface coverage remained unchanged. Scale development on a repeatedly scaled and cleaned membrane sample showed increased crystal number densities, i.e. nucleation affinity, and smaller mean crystal diameters in each consecutive scaling experiment. Gypsum crystals physically altered the membrane surface and assumingly initiated additional hetero-nucleation sites. Our observations demonstrate that individual membrane samples exhibit significantly different overall and local nucleation affinities, which may be enhanced by deposited particulate matter or physical membrane surface alterations. Nucleation affinity, however, did not predominantly determine the overall propensity of gypsum scaling.
机译：利用光学显微镜，研究了反渗透膜对反渗透膜上的异质石膏尺度显影的再现性。九个相同实验中的颞尺度显影采用原始膜样品遵循可重复趋势，随着检测到的晶体的降低，分数表面覆盖的线性增加和晶体生长率的降低。然而，在相对于确定的缩放参数的绝对值之间观察到显着的散射。使用有意更高的刻度形成离子浓度（+ 4.1％），缩放行为铺设在先前观察到的散射内。相反，不锈钢颗粒导致明显更高的晶体数密度和较小的平均晶体直径，而表面覆盖率保持不变。上的反复缩放并清洗膜样品规模发展在每个连续的缩放实验显示增加的晶数密度，即核的亲和力，和更小的平均晶体直径。石膏晶体物理地改变膜表面并假设引发的附加杂核位点。我们的观察结果表明，个体膜样品具有显着不同的总体和局部成核亲和力，其可以通过沉积的颗粒物或物理膜表面改变来增强。然而，成核亲和力没有主要决定石膏缩放的总体倾向。

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