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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Neurophysiology >Synapse formation: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders
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Synapse formation: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders

机译：Synapse地层：从细胞和分子机制到神经发育和神经变性障碍

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The precise patterns of neuronal assembly during development determine all functional outputs of a nervous system; these may range from simple reflexes to learning, memory, cognition, etc. To understand how brain functions and how best to repair it after injury, disease, or trauma, it is imperative that we first seek to define fundamental steps mediating this neuronal assembly. To acquire the sophisticated ensemble of highly specialized networks seen in a mature brain, all proliferated and migrated neurons must extend their axonal and dendritic processes toward targets, which are often located at some distance. Upon contact with potential partners, neurons must undergo dramatic structural changes to become either a pre-or a postsynaptic neuron. This connectivity is cemented through specialized structures termed synapses. Both structurally and functionally, the newly formed synapses are, however, not static as they undergo consistent changes in order for an animal to meet its behavioral needs in a changing environment. These changes may be either in the form of new synapses or an enhancement of their synaptic efficacy, referred to as synaptic plasticity. Thus, synapse formation is not restricted to neurodevelopment; it is a process that remains active throughout life. As the brain ages, either the lack of neuronal activity or cell death render synapses dysfunctional, thus giving rise to neurodegenerative disorders. This review seeks to highlight salient steps that are involved in a neuron's journey, starting with the establishment, maturation, and consolidation of synapses; we particularly focus on identifying key players involved in the synaptogenic program. We hope that this endeavor will not only help the beginners in this field to understand how brain networks are assembled in the first place but also shed light on various neurodevelopmental, neurological, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders that involve synaptic inactivity or dysfunction.
机译：显影过程中神经元组件的精确模式确定神经系统的所有功能输出;这些可能从简单的反射到学习，记忆，认知等。了解脑功能以及在伤害，疾病或创伤后如何最好地修复它，我们必须首先寻求定义介导这种神经元组件的基本步骤。为了获得成熟脑中所见的高度专业网络的复杂集合，所有增殖和迁移的神经元必须向靶标延伸其轴突和树枝状过程，其通常位于一定距离。在与潜在合作伙伴接触后，神经元必须经历显着的结构变化，以成为预先或突触后神经元。通过称为突触的专用结构来巩固这种连接。然而，在结构上和在结构上，新形成的突触是不静止的，因为它们经历一致的变化，以使动物在不断变化的环境中满足其行为需求。这些变化可以是新突触的形式或增强其突触疗效，称为突触可塑性。因此，Synapse形成不限于神经发育;这是一个过程仍然活跃的过程。随着大脑年龄，神经元活动或细胞死亡呈现突触功能失调，从而产生神经变性障碍。此审查旨在突出涉及Neuron旅程中涉及的显着步骤，从建立，成熟和突触巩固开始;我们特别关注识别涉及突触计划的关键球员。我们希望这一努力不仅可以帮助初学者，以了解大脑网络如何首先组装，而且还涉及涉及突触不活跃或功能障碍的各种神经发育，神经性，神经变性和神经精神疾病。

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