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首页> 外文期刊>Copeia >Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Inorganic Nitrogen on Gladiator Frog Tadpoles (Hypsiboas faber, Hylidae)
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Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Inorganic Nitrogen on Gladiator Frog Tadpoles (Hypsiboas faber, Hylidae)

机译：无机氮对角斗士青蛙Ta（Hypsiboas faber，Hylidae）的致死和亚致死作用

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Human activities dramatically increased the amount of reactive nitrogen in the environment through the widespread production and application of fertilizers, generation of human and livestock waste, and combustion of fossil fuels. This excessive nitrogen load eventually reaches water bodies and at circumneutral or acidic pH accumulates in the form of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. Our objective was to test if prolonged exposure to low and environmentally relevant concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium could affect survivorship, growth, and behavior of tadpoles of a Brazilian amphibian species, the gladiator frog Hypsiboas faber. Tadpoles of H. faber were exposed to 0, 2.5, and 10 mg.L21 of nitrogen as nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in a 21-day static renewal test. We demonstrated that under prolonged exposure even relatively low concentrations of inorganic nitrogen can cause lethal and sublethal effects on anuran larvae. Nitrate, the most abundant form of nitrogen in nature, caused no effects even in the largest manipulated concentration. Tadpoles exposed to 10 mg.L21 N-nitrite had decreased growth and survivorship relative to controls. However, such nitrite concentrations are uncommon and generally found only in highly polluted, anaerobic conditions. In turn, tadpoles exposed to 10 mg.L21 N-ammonium (which is within the upper range of concentrations observed in nature) had reduced activity rates and survivorship relative to controls. Future studies that aim to assess the environmental risk of nitrogen contamination should expand monitoring of concentrations in natural habitats, assess ontogenetic variation in organismal sensitivity, and evaluate the effects of synergistic interactions between inorganic nitrogen and other physical, chemical, or biological stressors to amphibian larvae.
机译：人类活动通过肥料的广泛生产和应用，人类和牲畜废物的产生以及化石燃料的燃烧，大大增加了环境中活性氮的含量。这种过多的氮负载最终到达水体，并且在环境或酸性pH值下以硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐和铵的形式积累。我们的目标是测试长时间接触低浓度且与环境有关的硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐和铵盐是否会影响巴西两栖动物角斗士蛙Hypsiboas faber的生存，生长和behavior的行为。在21天的静态更新测试中，fa的。暴露于0、2.5和10 mg.L21的硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐和铵盐中。我们证明了在长时间的暴露下，即使相对较低的无机氮浓度也可能对无核幼虫造成致命和亚致死作用。硝酸盐是自然界中氮含量最高的一种形式，即使在最大的操作浓度下也不会产生影响。与对照组相比，暴露于10 mg.L21 N-亚硝酸盐的生长和存活率下降。但是，这种亚硝酸盐浓度并不常见，通常仅在高度污染的厌氧条件下才能发现。反过来，exposed暴露于10 mg.L21 N-铵（在自然界中观察到的浓度范围内）相对于对照组，活动率和存活率降低。旨在评估氮污染环境风险的未来研究应扩大对自然栖息地浓度的监测，评估生物敏感性的个体发育变化，并评估无机氮与其他物理，化学或生物胁迫对两栖类幼虫之间的协同作用。 。

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