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Soil sampling uncertainty on arable fields estimated from reference sampling and a collaborative trial

机译：根据参考采样和合作试验估算的耕地土壤采样不确定度

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On three fields of arable land of (3-6)×10~4m~2, simple reference sampling was performed by taking up to 195 soil increments from each field applying a systematic sampling strategy. From the analytical data reference values for 15 elements were established, which should represent the average analyte mass fraction of the areas. A "point selection standard deviation" was estimated, from which a prediction of the sampling uncertainty was calculated for the application of a standard sampling protocol (X-path across the field, totally 20 increments for a composite sample). Predicted mass fractions and associated uncertainties are compared with the results of a collaborative trial of 18 experienced samplers, who had applied the standard sampling protocol on these fields. In some cases, bias between reference and collaborative values is found. Most of these biases can be explained by analyte heterogeneity across the area, in particular on one field, which was found to be highly heterogeneous for most nutrient elements. The sampling uncertainties estimated from the reference sampling were often somewhat smaller compared to those from the collaborative trial. It is suspected that the influence of sample preparation and the variation due to sampler were responsible for these differences. For the applied sampling protocol, the uncertainty contribution from sampling generally is in the same range as the uncertainty contribution from analysis. From these findings, some conclusions were drawn, especially about the consequences for a sampling protocol, if in routine sampling a demanded "certainty of trueness" for the measurement result should be met.
机译：在（3-6）×10〜4m〜2的三片耕地上，采用系统的采样策略，从每片耕地中增加195个土壤增量，进行简单的参考采样。从分析数据中建立了15种元素的参考值，该值应代表该区域的平均分析物质量分数。估计“点选择标准偏差”，从中计算出不确定度的预测，以用于标准采样方案的应用（跨领域的X路径，复合样品总共20个增量）。将预测的质量分数和相关的不确定性与18位经验丰富的采样员进行的协作试验的结果进行了比较，这些采样员已将标准采样协议应用于这些领域。在某些情况下，会发现参考价值与合作价值之间存在偏差。这些偏见中的大多数可以通过整个区域（尤其是在一个领域）的分析物异质性来解释，这对于大多数营养元素而言是高度异质的。与合作试验相比，参考样本估计的样本不确定性通常要小一些。这些差异可能是由样品制备的影响和由于进样器引起的变化所致。对于应用的采样协议，采样的不确定性贡献通常与分析的不确定性贡献在同一范围内。从这些发现中得出一些结论，特别是关于采样方案的后果，如果在常规采样中应该满足测量结果所要求的“真实性”。

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