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Evolution of high-intensity focusing systems for different applications in medicine (Review)

机译：用于医学中不同应用的高强度聚焦系统的发展（综述）

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The evolution of high-intensity focusing systems for application in medicine has been outlined from their introduction (in the 1950s) to date. This work is in fact a review with two sections. The focusing systems for medical application discussed under the first section are based on using single focusing transducers with a radiating element shaped as a section of a spherical shell. Attention is mainly given to the devices developed at the Andreev Acoustics Institute in the 1970s–1980s; focusing systems developed abroad in the past few decades and most widely clinically used are also briefly discussed there. The second section of the review is devoted to focusing systems based on phased arrays which allow users not only to electronically steer the focus within a selected range, but also, especially importantly for various medical applications, to simultaneously create several foci. The main attention under the second section is given to the two-dimensional phased arrays with randomized location of elements on the surface, which the Acoustics Institute developed in active collaboration with others. It has been shown that irregularity in the location of elements either substantially improves the quality of spatial intensity distributions by reducing the level of secondary maxima of intensity in the array-induced fields or allows to considerably reduce the number of elements in the array with the same quality of distributions. The paper discusses principles of designing such arrays, methods of their calculations and possible applications.
机译：迄今为止，高强度聚焦系统在医学领域的发展概述（自1950年代问世以来）。实际上，这项工作分为两个部分。在第一部分中讨论的医疗应用聚焦系统是基于使用单个聚焦换能器的，该单个聚焦换能器的辐射元件的形状为球形壳的一部分。主要关注的是1970年代至1980年代在安德列夫声学研究所开发的设备。在这里也简要讨论了过去几十年来国外开发的，临床上使用最广泛的聚焦系统。审查的第二部分致力于基于相控阵的聚焦系统，该系统不仅允许用户在选定的范围内以电子方式控制聚焦，而且尤其对于各种医疗应用尤其重要，从而可以同时创建多个焦点。第二部分主要关注的是二维相控阵，其表面上元素的位置随机，这是声学研究所与他人积极合作开发的。已经表明，元素位置的不规则性通过减小阵列感应场中强度的次要最大值来显着提高空间强度分布的质量，或者允许以相同的方式显着减少阵列中元素的数量。发行质量。本文讨论了设计此类数组的原理，其计算方法以及可能的应用。

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