Utilitarianism and the pandemic

摘要

Abstract >There are no egalitarians in a pandemic. The scale of the challenge for health systems and public policy means that there is an ineluctable need to prioritize the needs of the many. It is impossible to treat all citizens equally, and a failure to carefully consider the consequences of actions could lead to massive preventable loss of life. In a pandemic there is a strong ethical need to consider how to do most good overall. Utilitarianism is an influential moral theory that states that the right action is the action that is expected to produce the greatest good. It offers clear operationalizable principles. In this paper we provide a summary of how utilitarianism could inform two challenging questions that have been important in the early phase of the pandemic: (a) Triage: which patients should receive access to a ventilator if there is overwhelming demand outstripping supply? (b) Lockdown: how should countries decide when to implement stringent social restrictions, balancing preventing deaths from COVID‐19 with causing deaths and reductions in well‐being from other causes? Our aim is not to argue that utilitarianism is the only relevant ethical theory, or in favour of a purely utilitarian approach. However, clearly considering which options will do the most good overall will help societies identify and consider the necessary cost of other values. Societies may choose either to embrace or not to embrace the utilitarian course, but with a clear understanding of the values involved and the price they are willing to pay. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract Type =“main”XML：ID =“Bioe12771-Abs-Abs-0001”XML：Lang =“en” <标题类型=“main”>抽象</ title> >大流行中没有平均主义者。卫生系统和公共政策挑战的规模意味着需要不可实施的需要优先考虑许多人的需求。不可能同样对待所有公民，并且未能仔细考虑行动的后果可能导致大规模可预防的生命丧失。在大流行中，有一个强烈的道德必需考虑如何完成最多的整体。功利主义是一种有影响力的道德理论，使得正确的行动是预期产生最大利益的行动。它提供明确的可操作原则。在本文中，我们提供了功利主义如何为大流行早期阶段提供重要的一个挑战性问题的摘要：（a）分类：如果有压倒性的外列供应，哪些患者应该接受通风机的访问？（b）锁定：各国应该如何决定何时实施严格的社会限制，平衡从Covid-19中的死亡，导致死亡和福祉从其他原因中减少？我们的宗旨是争辩说，功利主义是唯一相关的道德理论，或者支持纯粹的功利方法。但是，清楚地考虑到哪些选择最良好的整体将有助于社团识别并考虑其他价值的必要成本。社会可以选择拥抱或不接受利用课程，但明确了解所涉及的价值观和他们愿意支付的价格。</ p> </摘要> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-14793/'>《Bioethics》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2020年第6期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共13页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/15.html" title="生物科学">生物科学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=COVID‐19&option=203" rel="nofollow">COVID‐19;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=pandemic ethics&option=203" rel="nofollow">pandemic ethics;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=resource allocation&option=203" rel="nofollow">resource allocation;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=utilitarianism&option=203" rel="nofollow">utilitarianism;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：covid-19;流行性伦理;资源分配;功利主义; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/0704021837705.html">Utilitarianism and the pandemic</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> </a> <a href="/journal-foreign-14793/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Bioethics .</a> <span>2020</span><span>,第6期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: 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href="/patent-detail/06130403951741.html">monovalent influenza vaccine composition, kit, method for producing an influenza vaccine composition for a pandemic or prepandemic situation, and uses of an influenza virus antigen or antigen preparation thereof and an adjuvant in an oil-in-water emulsion, a pandemic influenza virus antigen or antigen preparation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen, a pandemic influenza virus or antigenic preparation thereof, and an oil-in-emulsion adjuvant water and an antigen or antigen preparation of a first strain of influenza</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  BRPI0621886A8 </span> <span> . 2019-01-15</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：一价流感疫苗组合物，试剂盒，生产用于大流行或大流行前情况的流感疫苗组合物的方法，以及流感病毒抗原或其抗原制剂和佐剂在水包油乳剂，大流行性流感病毒抗原或流感病毒血凝素抗原的抗原制剂，大流行性流感病毒或其抗原制剂，以及第一流感株的乳化油佐剂水和抗原或抗原制剂 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>5. </b><a 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