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Amino Acids as Regulators of Cell Metabolism

机译：氨基酸作为细胞代谢调节剂

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In this review, we discuss the principles of regulation and synchronization of metabolic processes in mammalian cells using a two-component model of cell metabolism consisting of a controlling signaling system that regulates major enzymatic cascades and executive metabolic system that directly performs biosynthetic reactions. This approach has allowed us to distinguish two transitional metabolic states (from catabolism to anabolism and vice versa) accompanied by major rearrangements in the signaling system. The signaling system of natural amino acids was selected, because amino acids are involved in both signaling and executive metabolic subsystems of general cell metabolism. We have developed a graphical representation of metabolic events that allowed us to demonstrate the succession of processes occurring in both metabolic subsystems during complete metabolic cycle in a non-dividing cell. An important revealed feature of the amino acid signaling system is that the signaling properties of amino acid are determined not only by their molecular structure, but also by the location within the cell. Four major signaling groups of amino acids have been identified that localize to lysosomes, mitochondria, cytosol, and extracellular space adjacent to the plasma membrane. Although these amino acids groups are similar in the composition, they have different receptors. We also proposed a scheme for the metabolism regulation by amino acids signaling that can serve as a basis for developing more complete spatio-temporal picture of metabolic regulation involving a wide variety of intracellular signaling cascades.
机译：在本文中，我们讨论了使用由控制信号传导系统的细胞代谢的双组分模型讨论哺乳动物细胞中代谢过程的调节和同步的原理，该方法由控制信号传导系统组成，该系统调节直接进行生物合成反应的主要酶促级联和执行代谢系统。这种方法使我们能够区分两个过渡性代谢状态（从分解代谢到合成代谢，反之亦然）伴随着信号系统中的主要重排。选择天然氨基酸的信号系统，因为氨基酸参与了一般细胞代谢的信号传导和执行代谢子系统。我们开发了代谢事件的图形表示，其使我们能够在非分区细胞中的完全代谢循环期间展示在两种代谢子系统中发生的过程。氨基酸信号传导系统的一个重要揭示特征是氨基酸的信号性质不仅通过它们的分子结构而不是通过细胞内的位置来确定。已经鉴定了四个主要信号传导基团的氨基酸基团，其定位于与质膜相邻的溶酶体，线粒体，细胞溶溶胶和细胞外空间。虽然这些氨基酸基团在组合物中类似，但它们具有不同的受体。我们还提出了一种由氨基酸信号传导的代谢调节的方案，其可以作为开发更完整的代谢调节的更完整的时空图像的基础，涉及各种细胞内信号传导级联的代谢调节。

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