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首页> 外文期刊>Biochemistry and Cell Biology >Xenopus embryos to study fetal alcohol syndrome, a model for environmental teratogenesis
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Xenopus embryos to study fetal alcohol syndrome, a model for environmental teratogenesis

机译：宫府胚胎学习胎儿醇综合征，一种环境畸形模型

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摘要

Vertebrate model systems are central to characterize the outcomes of ethanol exposure and the etiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), taking advantage of their genetic and morphological closeness and similarity to humans. We discuss the contribution of amphibian embryos to FASD research, focusing on Xenopus embryos. The Xenopus experimental system is characterized by external development and accessibility throughout embryogenesis, large clutch sizes, gene and protein activity manipulation, transgenesis and genome editing, convenient chemical treatment, explants and conjugates, and many other experimental approaches. Taking advantage of these methods, many insights regarding FASD have been obtained. These studies characterized the malformations induced by ethanol including quantitative analysis of craniofacial malformations, induction of fetal growth restriction, delay in gut maturation, and defects in the differentiation of the neural crest. Mechanistic, biochemical, and molecular studies in Xenopus embryos identified early gastrula as the high alcohol sensitivity window, targeting the embryonic organizer and inducing a delay in gastrulation movements. Frog embryos have also served to demonstrate the involvement of reduced retinoic acid production and an increase in reactive oxygen species in FASD. Amphibian embryos have helped pave the way for our mechanistic, molecular, and biochemical understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of FASD.
机译：脊椎动物模型系统是表征乙醇暴露的结果和胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASD）的病因，利用它们与人类的遗传和形态的亲密关系和相似性。我们讨论了两栖胚胎对Fasd Research的贡献，重点是宫府胚胎。宫府试验系统的特点是胚胎发生的外部开发和可访问性，大型离合器尺寸，基因和蛋白质活性操纵，转基因和基因组编辑，方便的化学处理，外植体和缀合物，以及许多其他实验方法。利用这些方法，已经获得了关于FASD的许多见解。这些研究表征了乙醇诱导的畸形，包括颅面畸形的定量分析，胎儿生长限制诱导，肠道成熟延迟以及神经嵴的分化中的缺陷。宫内节油胚胎的机械，生化和分子研究鉴定了早期胃肠剂作为高醇敏感性窗口，靶向胚胎组织机并诱导腐蚀性运动延迟。青蛙胚胎还致力于证明降低的视黄酸生产和FasD中的反应性氧物种的增加。两栖动物胚胎有助于为我们的机械，分子和生化理解提供铺平道路，对FASD的病因和病理生理学。

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