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首页> 外文期刊>Biomedical Chromatography: An International Journal Devoted to Research in Chromatographic Methodologies and Their Applications in the Biosciences >Quality variation and standardization of black pepper ( Piper nigrum Piper nigrum Piper nigrum ): A comparative geographical evaluation based on instrumental and metabolomics analysis
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Quality variation and standardization of black pepper ( Piper nigrum Piper nigrum Piper nigrum ): A comparative geographical evaluation based on instrumental and metabolomics analysis

机译：黑辣椒的质量变化和标准化（Piper Nigrum Piper Nigrum Piper Nigrum）：基于仪器和代谢组的比较地理评估

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Abstract Black pepper ( Piper nigrum ; BP ), known as the ‘king of spices’, imported from various countries is widely available in Saudi Arabian markets, as its demand as a food as well as a medicine for minor ailments is increasing in the country. However, there is a lack of appropriate information regarding these samples in terms of quality variation and standardization. We thus aimed to evaluate the quality and standardize the BP sample with respect to its physicochemical characters, active principle variation [i.e. piperine (PPN)], toxicity, and biological activity. The main focus is to validate whether any difference exists in the quality and quantity of active principle in these samples. For this purpose, physicochemical (chemical tests and ash values) and instrumental analyses [accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)‐diode array detector, infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and inductively coupled plasma‐MS (ICP‐MS)] and biological evaluation { in vitro antioxidant activity [2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)] and cytotoxicity assay} were performed. An extract yield (g) with %recovery of 2.26?±?4.24 (11.3) was obtained for the Vietnamese sample, using a fast and rapid method of extraction (ASE). These values were 1.22?±?2.64 (6.1) and 0.75?±?1.69 (3.75) for the Pakistani and Indian samples. Physicochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in all samples; however, in the Vietnamese sample a low amount of total, acid‐insoluble, and high water‐soluble ash value was noted. IR and NMR was applied to further standardize the samples. Results of ICP‐MS analysis showed a high amount of macronutrients and micronutrients in the samples tested while UHPLC analysis revealed a high amount of PPN (ng/mL) in the Pakistani sample (1,362,614.09); these values were 1,051,848.04 and 768,512.81 for the Vietnamese and Indian samples, respectively. In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities revealed higher potential for the Vietnamese sample. The samples were properly standardized and effectively differentiated in terms of quality and biological activities using a fast and reliable method, however it certainly does not mean that a particular geographical region is more better or productive in terms of herbal products.
机译：从各个国家进口的被称为“香料之王”的抽象黑胡椒（Piper Nigrum; BP）在沙特阿拉伯市场广泛使用，因为它作为食物的需求以及对未成年疾病的药物在该国增加。然而，就质量变化和标准化而言，缺乏有关这些样本的适当信息。因此，我们旨在评估质量并标准化BP样品的物理化学特征，有源原理变化[即哌啶（PPN）]，毒性和生物活性。主要重点是验证这些样本中有源原理的质量和数量是否存在任何差异。为此目的，物理化学（化学试验和灰分）和仪器分析[加速溶剂萃取（ASE），超高压液相色谱（UHPLC） - 二极管阵列检测器，红外（IR），核磁共振（NMR），和电感耦合等离子体-SMS（ICP-MS）]和生物学评估{体外抗氧化活性[2,2-二苯基-1-富牛酰基和2,2'-唑苯基 - 双（3​​-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）]进行细胞毒性测定}。利用快速萃取（ASE）的越南样品，获得％回收率％回收率的提取物率（g）。这些值为1.22？±2.64（6.1）和0.75？±1.69（3.75）为巴基斯坦和印度样本。物理化学测试揭示了所有样品中的黄酮类化合物和酚类化合物;然而，在越南样品中，注意到总量少量，酸不溶性和高水溶性灰分值。应用IR和NMR以进一步标准化样品。 ICP-MS分析的结果显示在测试的样品中的高量常规营养素和微量营养素，而UHPLC分析揭示了巴基斯坦样品中的大量PPN（Ng / ml）（1,362,614.09）;这些值分别为越南和印度样本的1,051,848.04和768,512.81。体外抗氧化和细胞毒性活动显示越南样本的潜力较高。使用快速可靠的方法在质量和生物活动方面适当地标准化和有效地分化，然而，它肯定并不意味着特定地理区域在草药产品方面更好或更高效。

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