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首页> 外文期刊>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology >Elevation affects extra-pair paternity but not a sexually selected plumage trait in dark-eyed juncos
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Elevation affects extra-pair paternity but not a sexually selected plumage trait in dark-eyed juncos

机译：海拔影响额外的亲子关系，但不是黑眼juncos中的性选定的羽毛特征

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Differences in environmental conditions are expected to generate distinct selective pressures favoring different phenotypes. For example, environmental conditions that affect the timing of breeding may influence opportunities for extra-pair copulations and thus the strength of sexual selection on males. To explore these relationships quantitatively, we compared breeding synchrony, rates of extra-pair paternity, and expression of a sexually selected plumage trait (the amount of white on the tail feathers) in populations of dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) breeding at elevations from 1960 to 2660m in California. Microsatellite parentage analysis revealed that extra-pair paternity rates varied by elevation, with intermediate elevations having the highest rate. Differences in breeding synchrony could not explain this variation. Extra-pair males had more tail white than the social males they cuckolded, consistent with tail white being a sexually selected trait. Although the observed differences in rates of extra-pair paternity suggested that sexually selected traits should also vary with elevation, there were no differences among elevations in the amount of white on male tails or in the correlation between tail white and proxies for male condition. Multiple factors may have contributed to this result, including persistent gene flow among elevations, which may counter the effects of local differences in selective pressures. These findings demonstrate the complexity of interactions among environmental conditions, selective pressures, and variation in phenotypic traits, and underscore the importance of assessing the impacts of sexual selection in the larger context of population genetic structure.Significance statementEnvironmental differences, such as those occurring along elevation gradients, can lead to differences in sexual selection. We found that juncos at mid elevations had higher rates of extra-pair paternity than juncos at high and low elevations. Our results also provide evidence that male tail plumage is sexually selected, as females preferred to copulate with males with more white on their tail plumage than the females' social mates. This suggests that male tail white should differ among elevations, as the reproductive rewards of having an attractive tail would be greater at mid elevations. However, we found no differences in male tail white among elevations. This may be due to the birds breeding freely across elevations, as evidenced by a lack of genetic structure, i.e., gene flow swamping out any differences that might otherwise form.
机译：预计环境条件的差异会产生有利于不同表型的不同选择性压力。例如，影响育种时间的环境条件可能影响额对交换的机会，从而影响男性的性选择的强度。为了定量探索这些关系，我们比较了育种同步，额外父亲特性的比较，以及在海拔黑眼Junco（Junco Hyemalis）育种的群体中的性选定的羽毛特性（尾羽上的白色数量）的表达加利福尼亚州的1960年至2660米。微卫星父母分析显示，额外的父级率因升高而变化，具有最高速率的中间升高。育种同步的差异无法解释这种变化。额外的男性比他们被戴着视觉的社会男性更多的尾巴白色有更多的尾巴，与尾巴是一种性选择的特质。虽然观察到的额外父亲率的差异表明，性选定的性状也应该随着升级而变化，但在雄性尾部的白色升高或尾部白色和男性条件的代理之间的相关性没有差异。多种因素可能有助于这种结果，包括升高之间的持续基因流动，这可能会反对局部差异在选择性压力方面的影响。这些发现表明了环境条件，选择性压力和表型特征的变异之间相互作用的复杂性，并且强调了评估性能在群体遗传结构的更大背景下进行性选择的重要性。尊严的记录环境差异，例如沿着海拔地区发生的差异梯度，可以导致性选择的差异。我们发现中海拔的juncos在高度和低海拔的juncos中具有更高的额外父级级。我们的结果还提供了雄性尾巴羽毛是性选择的证据，因为女性较为与男性与尾巴羽毛上的男性交配，而不是女性的社会伙伴。这表明雄性尾白色应该在高度的升高之中不同，因为在中期的抬高期间具有有吸引力的尾部的生殖奖励将更大。然而，我们发现海拔中的雄性尾白色没有差异。这可能是由于鸟类跨越升高的鸟类，如缺乏遗传结构所证明的，即基因流出可能否则形成的任何差异。

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