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Extracellular vesicles in allograft rejection and tolerance

机译：同种异体移植排斥和耐受的细胞外囊

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, ectosomes and apoptotic vesicles, play an essential role in communication between cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent studies showed that EVs released after transplantation of allogeneic tissues and organs are involved in the immune recognition and response leading to rejection or tolerance in mice. After skin, pancreatic islet, and solid organ transplantation, donor-derived EVs were shown to initiate direct inflammatory alloresponses by T cells leading to acute rejection. This occurred through presentation of intact allogeneic MHC molecules on recipient antigen presenting cells (MHC cross-dressing) and subsequent activation of T cells via semi-direct allorecognition. On the other hand, some studies have documented the role of EVs in maternal tolerance of fetal alloantigens during pregnancy and immune privilege associated with spontaneous tolerance of liver allografts in laboratory rodents. The precise nature of the EVs, which are involved in rejection or tolerance, and the cells which produce them, is still unclear. Nevertheless, several reports showed that EVs released in the blood and urine by allografts can be used as biomarkers of rejection. This article reviews current knowledge on the contribution of EVs in allorecognition by T cells and discusses some mechanisms underlying their influence on T cell alloimmunity in allograft rejection or tolerance.
机译：细胞外囊（EVS），包括外肌肉，外孢子和凋亡囊泡，在先天和适应性免疫系统的细胞之间的通信中起重要作用。最近的研究表明，同种异体组织和器官移植后释放的EVS参与免疫识别和反应，导致小鼠拒绝或耐受。在皮肤，胰岛胰岛和固体器官移植后，显示供体衍生的EVS通过导致急性排斥的T细胞引发直接炎症反应。这通过呈现对受体抗原呈递细胞（MHC交叉敷料）的完整的同种异体MHC分子以及通过半直接的分解引起的T细胞激活T细胞。另一方面，一些研究记录了EVS在妊娠和免疫特权期间对胎儿血管蛋白的孕产量的作用，与实验室啮齿动物中肝同种异体移植的自发耐受性相关。参与排斥或耐受的EV的精确性，以及产生它们的细胞仍然不清楚。然而，几份报告显示，通过同种异体移植物释放的EV可用作排斥的生物标志物。本文审查了目前对TECLES对EVS贡献的贡献，并讨论了对同种异体移植抑制或耐受性对T细胞同种异体的影响依据。

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