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首页> 外文期刊>Acta Horticulturae >Current situation and future challenges facing the production and marketing of organic fruit in Oceania.
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Current situation and future challenges facing the production and marketing of organic fruit in Oceania.

机译：大洋洲有机水果生产和销售面临的现状和未来挑战。

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Australia has almost half of the global area in managed organic production, much of it is low-productive land for cattle production. Organic food accounts for 1% of the total food market in Australia, however the demand still exceeds production so little organic food is exported. Major supermarkets in Australia tend not to have developed organic products as part of their marketing strategic position, so that demand for organic food remains outside the mainstream food industry. Nevertheless beef, carrots, citrus, wheat and wine are considered target products for priority development in organic production systems within Australia. New Zealand produces organic food on 46 000 ha, much of it is grown for export. Fresh fruit accounts for 71% of all organic exports with kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and apple (Malus domestica) making up the bulk of this category. Production systems for kiwifruit and apples in New Zealand have moved from conventional to either integrated fruit production (IFP) or organic production systems over the last decade in response to market signals rather than to government subsidies. Organic apple and kiwifruit production systems typically yield less than conventional or IFP systems. Market premiums for organic fruit have until recently compensated for reduced yield. Declining premiums can quickly erode the profitability of current substitutional organic production systems. For kiwifruit, organically acceptable alternatives to hydrogen cyanamide are needed to enhance bud break and flowering and to fumigation for a key quarantine-actionable pest. For apple, the lack of alternatives to sulphur-based fungicides and of acceptable thinning technology limit profitability. Continued expansion of organic apple production will be dependent on development of orchard systems that integrate resistant cultivars and ground cover management systems, that optimize nutrient and water status of trees, and that enhance bio-control and biodiversity.
机译：澳大利亚有管理的有机生产几乎占全球面积的一半，其中大部分是养牛的低产土地。有机食品占澳大利亚食品市场总量的1％，但是需求仍然超过产量，因此几乎没有有机食品出口。澳大利亚的主要超级市场往往没有开发有机产品作为其营销战略地位的一部分，因此对有机食品的需求仍然不在主流食品行业范围内。然而，牛肉，胡萝卜，柑桔，小麦和葡萄酒被认为是澳大利亚有机生产系统优先发展的目标产品。新西兰在46 000公顷的土地上生产有机食品，其中大部分用于出口。新鲜水果占所有有机产品出口的71％，其中猕猴桃（Actinidia deliciosa）和苹果（Malus domestica）占该类别的大部分。过去十年来，新西兰的猕猴桃和苹果生产系统已从传统生产转向综合水果生产（IFP）或有机生产系统，以响应市场信号而非政府补贴。有机苹果和奇异果生产系统的产量通常低于常规或IFP系统。直到最近，有机水果的市场溢价已经弥补了单产的下降。保费下降会迅速侵蚀当前替代有机生产系统的盈利能力。对于奇异果，需要有机可接受的氰氨化氢替代品，以增强芽的破裂和开花并熏蒸成一种主要的可检疫性害虫。对于苹果而言，缺乏基于硫的杀真菌剂的替代品以及可接受的稀释技术限制了获利能力。有机苹果产量的持续增长将取决于果园系统的发展，该系统将抗性品种和地被植物管理系统相结合，优化树木的养分和水分状况，并增强生物控制和生物多样性。

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