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首页> 外文期刊>Acta Horticulturae >Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidisation as tools in ornamental plant breeding
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Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidisation as tools in ornamental plant breeding

机译：种间杂交和多倍体化作为观赏植物育种的工具

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摘要

Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidy are recognized as the most important sources of evolution and domestication of flowering plants. In ornamental plant breeding these phenomena go hand in hand and can be observed in the breeding history of many ornamental crops (Rosa, Chrysanthemum, Gladiolus, Alstroemeria, Lilium, orchids etc). With lily as model crop techniques developed for overcoming pre- and post-fertilisation barriers are reviewed. For overcoming F-1-sterility mitotic and meiotic polyploidisation are applied and can result in fertile allopolyploids. The mechanism of viable pollen production of mitotic and meiotic polyploidisation is quite different. Mitotic polyploidisation possess one homologous chromosome set. They undergo normal meiotic division like diploid cells. However, meiotic polyploidisation often show irregular chromosome division resulting in two of unreduced chromosome number instead of reduced chromosome number in tetrads. In contrast to mitotic doubling homoeologous recombination can occur. There are two significant mechanisms, FDR and SDR, for the formation of 2n-gametes. The FDR-gamete increase heterozygosity while SDR-gamete increase homozygosity. Genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) has been used to discriminate parental chromosomes and to detect homoeologous recombination. Mitotic polyploidisation showed no homoeologous recombinations between the parental genomes whereas in meiotic polyploids it can detected frequently. The use of 2n-gametes is therefore the most promising way for the introgression of desirable characters in the breeding with interspecific hybrids. Although spontaneous occurring in the domestication of many ornamental crops the systematically detected unreduced gametes proved to be highly efficient tool for introgression of characters.
机译：种间杂交和多倍体被认为是开花植物进化和驯化的最重要来源。在观赏植物育种中，这些现象并存，并且可以在许多观赏作物（罗莎，菊花，唐Gla蒲，六出，百合，兰花等）的育种历史中观察到。以百合为模型，回顾了为克服施肥前后的障碍而开发的作物技术。为了克服F-1不育，应用了有丝分裂和减数分裂多倍体化，可产生可育的同素多倍体。花粉产生有丝分裂和减数分裂多倍体化的机制是完全不同的。有丝分裂多倍体化具有一个同源染色体组。它们像二倍体细胞一样经历正常的减数分裂。但是，减数分裂多倍体化通常显示不规则的染色体分裂，导致两个未还原的染色体数而不是四分体的染色体数减少。与有丝分裂加倍相反，可以发生同源重组。有两种重要的机制形成2n配子，即FDR和SDR。 FDR-配子增加了杂合性，而SDR-配子增加了纯合性。基因组原位杂交（GISH）已用于区分亲本染色体并检测同源重组。有丝分裂多倍体化显示亲本基因组之间没有同源重组，而在减数分裂多倍体中可以经常检测到。因此，使用2n配子是种间杂种育种中期望性状渗入的最有前途的方法。尽管在许多观赏作物的驯化中自发发生，但系统检测到的未还原配子被证明是字符渗入的高效工具。

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