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首页> 外文期刊>Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences >CONCERNS ABOUT ECHI NO THRIPS A MERICA NUS, AN INCREASING THREAT FOR ORNAMENTALS
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CONCERNS ABOUT ECHI NO THRIPS A MERICA NUS, AN INCREASING THREAT FOR ORNAMENTALS

机译：关于ECHI的担忧No No Thrips Merica Nus，越来越大的植物威胁

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Originating from America, Echinothrips americanus Morgan (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an increasing problem in Belgian glasshouse cultivation. Fortunately, they can only survive a few hours below 0°C, so surviving outdoors is not possible in our climate. Temperatures exceeding 35°C are also harmful. Echinothrips americanus lives exclusively on leaves. Pre-pupae and pupae remain, in contrast to the Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, on the plant and not on the ground or substrate. Eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue, while the other stages are found on both the upper and underside of the leaf. Echinothrips americanus is observed in Belgian greenhouses on a big variety of ornamental plants, among which Chrysanthemum, roses, Rhododendron simsii (Pot azalea), Hibiscus, gerbera, Anthurium, Dieffen-bachia, Hedera and Viola.Larvae and pupae are white or light yellow. Adults are dark brown to black (while Frankliniella occidentalis is light yellow-dark brown) and their wings are prominent white at the base. Echinothrips americanus can be confused with Thrips setosus, also ahighly polyphagous leaf-feeding thrips. Until recently, T. setosus was only known to occur in parts of Asia, but it has recently been reported by the Netherlands on Hydrangea.Their feeding damages the plant resulting in yellow, white or silver spots and malformations of growing tips. Symptoms can sometimes be confused with the damage of spider mites.Echinothrips americanus is an underestimated pest in ornamentals and is expected to increase its presence, since so far biological control has proved difficult. Therefore, Echinothrips americanus, is a bottleneck for Integrated Pest Management (IPM).The main objective of this study was to test a range of insecticides for their efficacy against this thrips. In 6 different experiments performed between 2011 and 2014 on pot azalea, Chrysanthemum, Dieffen-bachia, pot rose and Hibiscus, more than 25 active ingredients were tested on their efficacy against Echinothrips americanus. Plants were naturally infested and in each trial, numbers of larvae, pupae and adults were counted.For chemical control, best efficacy was observed for 25% thiamethoxam (Actara), 480 g/l spinosad (Tracer), 18 g/l abamectine (Vertimec), 25 g/l deltamethrin (Decis EC 2,5) and 240 g/l methoxyfenozide (no authorization in ornamentals).Pesticides, with a moderate efficacy, which can be used in combination with IPM are 10 g/l azadirachtin (Neemazal-T/S), 50% pymetrozine (Plenum) and 30 % indoxacarb (Steward); none of them authorized against thrips.For biological control Franklinothrips vespiformis and Orius laevigatas seem to be the most effective predators of Echinothrips americanus, but the dose and frequency of release for a decent level of control causes this treatment to be too expensive foruse in commercial greenhouses. They are therefore currently not used in Belgian greenhouses for this purpose.
机译：源自美国，Echinothrips Emericanus Morgan（Thysanoptera：Thripidae）是比利时玻璃室栽培的越来越多的问题。幸运的是，他们只能在0°C低于0°C的几个小时内存下来，因此在我们的气候中不可能在户外存活。超过35°C的温度也有害。 Echinothrips Emericanus独家生活在叶子上。与西方花蓟皮里拉弗兰克利耳普通的蛹和蛹留在植物上，而不是在地面或基底上。鸡蛋沉积在叶组织中，而其他阶段在叶子的上部和下侧发现。在比利时的绿色袜子上观察到Echinothrips Memanianus在各种各样的观赏植物中，其中菊花，玫瑰，杜鹃花），芙蓉，非洲菊，安祖丘，Dieffen-Bachia，Hedera和Viola.larvae和Pupae都是白色的或淡黄色的。成年人是黑褐色到黑色（弗兰克林丽妮occidentalis是淡黄色棕色的），他们的翅膀在基地上突出白色。 Echinothrips Emericanus可以与蓟马杆菌混淆，也是一种高度多功能的叶子喂养蓟马。直到最近，T. Setosus才被众所周知，在亚洲的部分地区出现，但最近被荷兰在绣球花上报道。喂养造成黄色，白色或银斑的植物造成的植物和生长尖端的畸形。有时症状有时会与蜘蛛螨的损伤混淆.Exmerseus是植物中被低估的害虫，预计将增加其存在，因为到目前为止的生物控制已经证明很难。因此，Echinothrips Emericanus，是综合虫害管理（IPM）的瓶颈。本研究的主要目的是测试一系列杀虫剂，以便它们对此蓟马的功效。在2011年和2014年在2011年和2014年进行的6种不同的实验中，菊花，Dieffen-Bachia，玫瑰和芙蓉，超过25种活性成分对其针对Echinothrips Emericanus的功效进行了测试。植物自然是无感染的，在每次试验中，计算幼虫，蛹和成人的数量。对于化学对照，观察到25％胎虫（Actara），480g / L smincosad（示踪剂），18克/升吹法（ Vertimec），25g / L溴氰菊酯（DECIS EC 2,5）和240g / L甲氧基苯并（植饰中没有授权）。微生物，具有中等疗效的，可与IPM组合使用10g / L azadirachtin（新泽-T / s），50％的Pymetrozine（plenum）和30％的indoxacarb（steward）;他们都没有授权攻击蓟马弗兰克林·弗兰克里斯vespiformis和orius laevigatas似乎是Echinothrips Manimersus最有效的捕食者，但是对于体面的控制水平的释放剂量和频率导致这种治疗在商业温室中的陷入困境。因此，他们目前不用于比利时温室为此目的。

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