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首页> 外文期刊>Cognition: International Journal of Cognitive Psychology >When some triggers a scalar inference out of the blue. An electrophysiological study of a Stroop-like conflict elicited by single words
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When some triggers a scalar inference out of the blue. An electrophysiological study of a Stroop-like conflict elicited by single words

机译：当某些时候触发了蓝色的标量推断。 单词引出的速率相冲突的电生理学研究

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Some studies in experimental pragmatics have concluded that scalar inferences (e.g., 'some X are Y' implicates 'not all X are Y') are context-dependent pragmatic computations delayed relative to semantic computations. However, it remains unclear whether strong contextual support is necessary to trigger such inferences. Here we tested if the scalar inference 'not all' triggered by some can be evoked in a maximally neutral context. We investigated event-related potential (ERP) amplitude modulations elicited by Stroop-like conflicts in participants instructed to indicate whether strings of letters were printed with all their letters in upper case or otherwise. In a randomized stream of non-words and distractor words, the words all, some and case were either presented in capitals or they featured at least one lower case letter. As expected, we found a significant conflict-related N450 modulation when comparing e.g., 'aLP with 'ALL'. Surprisingly, despite the fact that most responses from the same participants in a sentence-picture verification task were literal, we also found a similar modulation when comparing 'SOME' with e.g., 'SoMe', even though SOME could only elicit such a Stroop conflict when construed pragmatically. No such modulation was found for e.g., 'CasE' vs. 'CASE' (neutral contrast). These results suggest that some can appear incongruent with the concept of 'all' even when contextual support is minimal. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between N450 effect magnitude ('SOME' minus e.g., 'sOMe') and pragmatic response rate recorded in the sentence-picture verification task. Overall, this study shows for the first time that the pragmatic meaning of some can be accessed in a maximally neutral context, and thus, that the scalar inference 'not all' triggered by some should be construed as context-sensitive rather than context-dependent, that is, more or less salient and relevant depending on the context rather than entirely contingent upon it.
机译：实验语用学的一些研究已经得出结论，标量推论（例如，'某些x是Y'含义）是相对于语义计算延迟的上下文相关的语用计算。但是，它仍然尚不清楚是否有必要触发这种推动所必需的强烈的上下文支持。在这里，我们测试了如果在最大中立的上下文中可以诱发Scalar推理的标量推断'不是全部'。我们调查了与参与者中的基于STROOP的冲突引起的事件相关的潜在（ERP）幅度调制，指示是否用大写字母或其他方式用它们的所有字母印刷字母。在一个随机的非单词和令人厌倦的词汇流中，所有人，一些和案例要么呈现在首都，或者它们至少是一个小写字母。正如预期的那样，当比较时，我们发现了一项重大的冲突与“alp”与“所有人”进行了比较。令人惊讶的是，尽管在句子画面验证任务中来自同一参与者的大多数回复是文字，但在比较“有些”时，我们还发现了类似的调制，即使有些人只能引起这样的速度冲突在务实地解释时。没有找到这种调制，例如，“案例”与“案例”（中性对比度）。这些结果表明，即使上下文支持最小，某些结果也可以出现在“所有”的概念中的概念。此外，N450效应幅度之间没有显着的相关性（“一些”减去，“一些”）和句子图像验证任务中记录的语用响应速率。总体而言，这项研究首次表明了一些人的务实意义可以在最大中立的上下文中访问，因此，由一些的标量推断“并非所有”应该被解释为上下文敏感而不是上下文相关的，这是根据上下文而不是完全取决于它的上下文或多或少的突出和相关。

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