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The effect of protected areas on forest disturbance in the Carpathian Mountains 1985-2010

机译：保护区对1985 - 2010年喀尔巴阡山脉森林障碍的影响

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摘要

Protected areas are a cornerstone for forest protection, but they are not always effective during times of socioeconomic and institutional crises. The Carpathian Mountains in Eastern Europe are an ecologically outstanding region, with widespread seminatural and old-growth forest. Since 1990, Carpathian countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine) have experienced economic hardship and institutional changes, including the breakdown of socialism, European Union accession, and a rapid expansion of protected areas. The question is how protected-area effectiveness has varied during these times across the Carpathians given these changes. We analyzed a satellite-based data set of forest disturbance (i.e., forest loss due to harvesting or natural disturbances) from 1985 to 2010 and used matching statistics and a fixed-effects estimator to quantify the effect of protection on forest disturbance. Protected areas in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and the Ukraine had significantly less deforestation inside protected areas than outside in some periods; the likelihood of disturbance was reduced by 1-5%. The effectiveness of protection increased over time in these countries, whereas the opposite was true in Romania. Older protected areas were most effective in Romania and Hungary, but newer protected areas were more effective in Czech Republic, and Poland. Strict protection (International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] protection category Ia-II) was not more effective than landscape-level protection (IUCN III-VI). We suggest that the strength of institutions, the differences in forest privatization, forest management, prior distribution of protected areas, and when countries joined the European Union may provide explanations for the strikingly heterogeneous effectiveness patterns among countries. Our results highlight how different the effects of protected areas can be at broad scales, indicating that the effectiveness of protected areas is transitory over time and space and suggesting that generalizations about the effectiveness of protected areas can be misleading.
机译：保护区是森林保护的基石，但在社会经济和机构危机时期并不总是有效。东欧的喀尔巴阡山脉是一个生态杰出的地区，具有广泛的学生和旧的森林。自1990年以来，喀尔巴阡山脉国家（捷克共和国，匈牙利，波兰，罗马尼亚，斯洛伐克和乌克兰）经历了经济困难和体制变化，包括社会主义，欧盟加入和保护区的快速扩张。问题是，在喀尔巴阡山脉鉴于这些变化的情况下，在这些时间内有何不同。 1985年至2010年，我们分析了一系列基于卫星的森林障碍数据集（I.，由于收获或自然紊乱，森林损失），并使用匹配统计和固定效应估计，以量化保护对森林障碍的影响。捷克共和国，斯洛伐克的受保护区，乌克兰在某些时期内的保护区内部的森林砍伐较小;干扰的可能性降低了1-5％。在这些国家的保护的有效性随着时间的推移而增加，而相反在罗马尼亚是真实的。罗马尼亚和匈牙利的较旧保护区最有效，但在捷克共和国和波兰更加有效。严格保护（国际保护性质联盟[IUCN]保护类别IA-II）并不比景观级别保护（IUCN III-VI）更有效。我们建议机构的实力，森林私有化的差异，森林管理，保护区的经验分配，以及当国家加入欧洲联盟时可能会对各国之间的引人注目的异质效果模式提供解释。我们的结果突出了保护区的效果在广泛尺度上的影响，表明保护区的有效性在暂时和空间，并表明受保护区域有效性的概括可能是误导性的。

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