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Overlooked biodiversity loss in tropical smallholder agriculture

机译：忽视了热带小农农业的生物多样性损失

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Smallholder agriculture is the main driver of deforestation in the western Amazon, where terrestrial biodiversity reaches its global maximum. Understanding the biodiversity value of the resulting mosaics of cultivated and secondary forest is therefore crucial for conservation planning. However, Amazonian communities are organized across multiple forest types that support distinct species assemblages, and little is known about smallholder impacts across the range of forest types that are essential for sustaining biodiversity. We addressed this issue with a large-scale field inventory of birds (point counts) and trees (transects) in primary forest and smallholder agriculture in northern Peru across 3 forest types that are key for Amazonian biodiversity. For birds smallholder agriculture supported species richness comparable to primary forest within each forest type, but biotic homogenization across forest types resulted in substantial losses of biodiversity overall. These overall losses are invisible to studies that focus solely on upland (terra firma) forest. For trees biodiversity losses in upland forests dominated the signal across all habitats combined and homogenization across habitats did not exacerbate biodiversity loss. Proximity to forest strongly predicted the persistence of forest-associated bird and tree species in the smallholder mosaic, and because intact forest is ubiquitous in our study area, our results probably represent a best-case scenario for biodiversity in Amazonian agriculture. Land-use planning inside and outside protected areas should recognize that tropical smallholder agriculture has pervasive biodiversity impacts that are not apparent in typical studies that cover a single forest type. The full range of forest types must be surveyed to accurately assess biodiversity losses, and primary forests must be protected to prevent landscape-scale biodiversity loss.
机译：小农农业是西亚马逊森林砍伐的主要司机，陆地生物多样性达到其全球最大值。因此，了解所产生的培养和次要森林马赛克的生物多样性值对于保护计划至关重要。然而，亚马逊社区跨越多种森林类型，支持不同的物种组合，并且关于跨越生物多样性至关重要的森林类型范围的小小的人员的影响很少。我们在秘鲁北部秘鲁北部秘鲁的大型鸟类（点计数）和树木（横断面）的大规模现场清单涉及这一问题，这是占亚马逊生物多样性的关键。对于鸟类小农农业，支持物种丰富性与每种森林类型的原发性森林相当，但整个森林类型的生物均匀化导致了整体生物多样性的大量损失。这些整体损失是看不见的，专注于高地（Terra Firma）森林。对于陆地森林的树木生物多样性损失在所有栖息地的信号中占据了所有栖息地的信号，并且境地的均质化并没有加剧生物多样性损失。近距离森林强烈预测了小农镶嵌的森林相关鸟类和树种的持续存在，因为我们的研究领域的完整森林是普遍存在的，我们的结果可能代表亚马逊农业的生物多样性最佳场景。土地使用规划内外保护区应认识到，热带小农农业对涵盖单一森林类型的典型研究中的普遍存在的生物多样性影响。必须调查全系列森林类型以准确评估生物多样性损失，必须保护原发性林，以防止景观规模的生物多样性损失。

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