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Janus particles: from concepts to environmentally friendly materials and sustainable applications

机译：Janus粒子：从概念到环保材料和可持续应用

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摘要

Janus particles represent a unique group of patchy particles combining two or more different physical or chemical functionalities at their opposite sides. Especially, individual Janus particles (JPs) with both chemical and geometrical anisotropy as well as their assembled layers provide considerable advantages over the conventional monofunctional particles or surfactant molecules offering (a) a high surface-to-volume ratio; (b) high interfacial activity; (c) target controlling and manipulation of their interfacial activity by external signals such as temperature, light, pH, or ionic strength and achieving switching between stable emulsions and macro-phase separation; (d) recovery and recycling; (e) controlling the mass transport across the interface between the two phases; and finally (f) tunable several functionalities in one particle allowing their use either as carrier materials for immobilized catalytically active substances or, alternatively, their site-selective attachment to substrates keeping another functionality active for further reactions. All these advantages of JPs make them exclusive materials for application in (bio-)catalysis and (bio-)sensing. Considering "green chemistry" aspects covering biogenic materials based on either natural or fully synthetic biocompatible and biodegradable polymers for the design of JPs may solve the problem of toxicity of some existing materials and open new paths for the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable materials in the very near future. Considering the number of contributions published each year on the topic of Janus particles in general, the number of contributions regarding their environmentally friendly and sustainable applications is by far smaller. This certainly pinpoints an important challenge and is addressed in this review article. The first part of the review focuses on the synthesis of sustainable biogenic or biocompatible Janus particles, as well as strategies for their recovery, recycling, and reusability. The second part addresses recent advances in applications of biogenic/biocompatible and non-biocompatible JPs in environmental and biotechnological fields such as sensing of hazardous pollutants, water decontamination, and hydrogen production. Finally, we provide implications for the rational design of environmentally friendly and sustainable materials based on Janus particles.
机译：Janus颗粒代表了一组独特的斑块颗粒，将两个或多个不同的物理或化学函数在其相对侧组合。特别是，具有化学和几何各向异性的单个Janus颗粒（JPS）以及它们的组装层提供了与常规单官能颗粒或表面活性剂分子的相当大的优势，提供了高度的表面对体积比; （b）高界面活动; （c）通过外部信号（如温度，光，pH或离子强度）的外部信号来控制和操纵它们的界面活性，并在稳定的乳液和宏相分离之间实现切换; （d）恢复和回收; （e）在两个阶段之间的界面上控制质量传输;最后（f）在一种颗粒中可调几种功能，允许其用作固定的催化活性物质的载体材料，或者，它们的位点选择性与基质选择性附着保持另一种功能以进一步反应的底物。 JPS的所有这些优点使其成为（生物）催化和（生物）感应的应用中的专用材料。考虑“绿色化学”方面覆盖基于天然或全合成的生物相容性和可生物降解的聚合物的生物材料，用于设计JPS的设计，可以解决一些现有材料的毒性问题，并开辟开发更环保和可持续的材料的新途径非常不久的将来。考虑到每年发布的捐款数目，一般而言，关于其环保和可持续应用申请的贡献数目越来越小。这肯定会确定一个重要的挑战，并在本综述文章中解决。审查的第一部分侧重于可持续生物相容性或生物相容性Janus颗粒的合成，以及它们恢复，回收和可重用性的策略。第二部分解决了生物/生物相容性和非生物相容性JPS在环境和生物技术领域中的近期应用的最新进展，例如感知危险污染物，水去污和氢气产生。最后，我们为基于Janus粒子的环保和可持续材料的合理设计提供了影响。

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