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Organic Synthesis Using Environmentally Benign Acid Catalysis

机译：使用环境良性酸催化的有机合成

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摘要

Recent advances in the application of environmentally benign acid catalysts in organic synthesis are reviewed. The work includes three main parts; (i) description of environmentally benign acid catalysts, (ii) synthesis with heterogeneous and (iii) homogeneous catalysts. The first part provides a brief overview of acid catalysts, both solid acids (metal oxides, zeolites, clays, ion-exchange resins, metal-organic framework based catalysts) and those that are soluble in green solvents (water, alcohols) and at the same time could be regenerated after reactions (metal triflates, heteropoly acids, acidic organocatalysts etc.). The synthesis sections review a broad array of the most common and practical reactions such as Friedel-Crafts and related reactions (acylation, alkylations, hydroxyalkylations, halogenations, nitrations etc.), multicomponent reactions, rearrangements and ring transformations (cyclizations, ring opening). Both the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic synthesis parts include an overview of asymmetric acid catalysis with chiral Lewis and Bronsted acids. Although a broad array of catalytic processes are discussed, emphasis is placed on applications with commercially available catalysts as well as those of sustainable nature; thus individual examples are critically reviewed regarding their contribution to sustainable synthesis.
机译：综述了近期在有机合成中施用环境良性酸催化剂的进展。这项工作包括三个主要部分; （i）对环境良酸催化剂的描述，（ii）用非均相和（iii）均相催化剂的合成。第一部分提供酸催化剂的简要概述，固体酸（金属氧化物，沸石，粘土，离子交换树脂，金属 - 有机骨架基催化剂）和可溶于绿色溶剂（水，醇）和在的那些同时可以在反应后再生（金属三种，杂多酸，酸性有机催化剂等）再生。合成部分审查了一种广泛的阵列最常见和实际的反应，例如Friedel-Crafters和相关反应（酰化，烷基化，羟基烷基，卤化，硝化等），多组分反应，重排和环形变换（环化，环开口）。异均匀和均匀的催化合成部分都包括用手性路易斯和富棱醇酸催化的不对称酸催化概述。尽管讨论了广泛的催化过程，但重点是与市售催化剂的应用以及可持续性的应用;因此，个别例子是关于其对可持续合成贡献的严重审查。

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