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On effective properties of materials at the nano- and microscales considering surface effects

机译：考虑表面效应的纳米和微米级材料的有效特性

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In the last years, the rapid increase in the technical capability to control and design materials at the nanoscale has pushed toward an intensive exploitation of new possibilities concerning optical, chemical, thermoelectrical and electronic applications. As a result, new materials have been developed to obtain specific physical properties and performances. In this general picture, it was natural that the attention toward mechanical characterization of the new structures was left, in a sense, behind. Anyway, once the theoretically designed objects proceed toward concrete manufacturing and applications, an accurate and general description of their mechanical properties becomes more and more scientifically relevant. The aim of the paper is therefore to discuss new methods and techniques for modeling the behavior of nanostructured materials considering surface/interface properties, which are responsible for the main differences between nano- and macroscale, and to determine their actual material properties at the macroscale. Our approach is intended to study the mechanical properties of materials taking into account surface properties including possible complex inner microstructure of surface coatings. We use the Gurtin-Murdoch model of surface elasticity. We consider the inner regular and irregular surface thin coatings (i.e., ordered or disordered nanofibers arrays) and present few examples of averaged 2D properties of them. Since the actual 2D properties depend not only on the mechanical properties of fibers or other elements of a coating, but also on the interaction forces between them, the analysis also includes information on the geometry of the microstructure of the coating, on mechanical properties of elements and on interaction forces. Further we use the obtained 2D properties to derive the effective properties of solids and structures at the macroscale, such as the bending stiffness or Young's modulus.
机译：近年来，控制和设计纳米材料的技术能力的迅速提高推动了对光，化学，热电和电子应用新可能性的集中开发。结果，已经开发出新材料以获得特定的物理性质和性能。在这种总体情况下，从某种意义上讲，自然而然地将注意力转移到了新结构的机械表征上。无论如何，一旦理论上设计的对象进入混凝土的制造和应用，对其机械性能的准确而概括的描述就变得越来越具有科学意义。因此，本文的目的是讨论考虑表面/界面特性的纳米结构材料行为建模的新方法和技术，这些方法和技术是纳米和宏观尺度之间的主要区别，并确定它们在宏观尺度上的实际材料特性。我们的方法旨在研究材料的机械性能，同时考虑到表面性能，包括表面涂层可能的复杂内部微观结构。我们使用表面弹性的Gurtin-Murdoch模型。我们考虑内部的规则和不规则表面薄涂层（即有序或无序的纳米纤维阵列），并给出了几个平均2D性能的示例。由于实际的2D特性不仅取决于纤维或涂层的其他元素的机械性能，还取决于它们之间的相互作用力，因此分析还包括有关涂层的微观结构的几何信息，元素的机械性能的信息。以及相互作用力。此外，我们使用获得的2D属性在宏观尺度上推导固体和结构的有效属性，例如弯曲刚度或杨氏模量。

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