Bandwidth Measurements within the Cloud: Characterizing Regular Behaviors and Correlating Downtimes

José Luis García-Dorado

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Bandwidth Measurements within the Cloud: Characterizing Regular Behaviors and Correlating Downtimes

机译：云中的带宽测量：表征定期行为和关联下降时间

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The search for availability, reliability, and quality of service has led cloud infrastructure customers to disseminate their services, contents, and data over multiple cloud data centers, often involving several Cloud service providers (CSPs). The consequence of this is that a large amount of data must be transmitted across the public Cloud. However, little is known about the bandwidth dynamics involved. To address this, we have conducted a measurement campaign for bandwidth between 18 data centers of four major CSPs. This extensive campaign allowed us to characterize the resulting time series of bandwidth as the addition of a stationary component and some infrequent excursions (typically downtimes). While the former provides a description of the bandwidth users can expect in the Cloud, the latter is closely related to the robustness of the Cloud (i.e., the occurrence of downtimes is correlated). Both components have been studied further by applying factor analysis, specifically analysis of variance, as a mechanism to formally compare data centers’ behaviors and extract generalities. The results show that the stationary process is closely related to the data center locations and CSPs involved in transfers that, fortunately, make the Cloud more predictable and allow the set of reported measurements to be extrapolated. On the other hand, although correlation in the Cloud is low, that is, only 10% of the measured pair of paths showed some correlation, we found evidence that such correlation depends on the particular relationships between pairs of data centers with little connection to more general factors. Positively, this implies that data centers either in the same area or within the same CSP do not show qualitatively more correlation than other data centers, which eases the deployment of robust infrastructures. On the downside, this metric is scarcely generalizable and, consequently, calls for exhaustive monitoring.

机译：搜索可用性，可靠性和服务质量的LED云基础架构客户通过多个云数据中心传播其服务，内容和数据，通常涉及几个云服务提供商（CSP）。结果是必须在公共云中传输大量数据。但是，关于所涉及的带宽动态知之甚少。要解决此问题，我们在四个主要CSP的18个数据中心之间进行了测量运动。这一广泛的广告系列使我们可以将带宽的带宽序列表征为添加静止组件和一些不常见的短途旅行（通常是下降时间）。虽然前者提供带宽用户的描述可以期望在云中，但后者与云的鲁棒性密切相关（即，停机时间相关的发生）。通过应用因子分析，特别是对方差分析，作为正式比较数据中心行为和提取总体的机制，进一步研究了两种组分。结果表明，静止过程与传输中涉及的数据中心位置和CSP密切相关，幸运的是，使云更能可预测并允许预包装的报告的测量集。另一方面，虽然云中的相关性低，即，只有10％的测量路径显示了一些相关性，但我们发现这些相关性取决于数据中心对与更多的数据中心之间的特定关系相比一般因素。积极地，这意味着数据中心在同一区域或同一CSP中没有比其他数据中心的定性更多地显示，这缓解了强大的基础架构的部署。在缺点方面，这种指标几乎不够宽大，因此要求彻底监测。

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《ACM Transactions on Internet Technology》 |2017年第4期|共25页
作者
José Luis García-Dorado;
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作者单位

Universidad Técnica del Norte Ibarra Ecuador;

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原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类计算技术、计算机技术;
关键词
ANOVA; Public cloud; TCP bandwidth; inter-cloud; traffic correlation;

机译：ANOVA;公共云;TCP带宽;云间;流量相关;

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1. Bandwidth Measurements within the Cloud: Characterizing Regular Behaviors and Correlating Downtimes [J] . José Luis García-Dorado ACM Transactions on Internet Technology . 2017,第4期

机译：云中的带宽测量：表征定期行为和关联下降时间
2. Seismic evaluation of existing nuclear facility using ambient vibration test to characterize dynamic behavior of the structure and microtremor measurements to characterize the soil: a case study [J] . Ph. Volant, N. Orbovic, F. Dunand Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering . 2002,第9a12期

机译：使用环境振动测试表征结构动态特性并通过微震测量表征土壤来对现有核设施进行地震评估：一个案例研究
3. Characteristics of Oceanic Warm Cloud Layers within Multilevel Cloud Systems Derived by Satellite Measurements [J] . Yuhao Ding, Qi Liu, Ping Lao Atmosphere . 2019,第8期

机译：卫星测量推导的多层云系统中海洋暖云层的特征
4. Characterizing within-die variation from multiple supply port IDDQ measurements [C] . Agarwal Kanak, Acharyya Dhruva, Plusquellic Jim Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers, 2009. ICCAD 2009 . 2009

机译：表征多个供应端口IDDQ测量中的芯片内变化
5. Exploring rural elementary school students' expression of social -emotional concerns within a regular classroom -integrated group projects activity facilitated by a teacher and behavioral health therapist collaboration. [D] . Graboski, Julianne M. 2005

机译：在老师和行为健康治疗师的协作下，探索农村小学学生在常规教室内开展的集体项目活动中表达的社会情感问题。
6. Cirrus cloud optical and microphysical property retrievals from eMAS during SEAC4RS using bi-spectral reflectance measurements within the 1.88 μm water vapor absorption band [O] . K. Meyer, S. Platnick, G. T. Arnold, -1

机译：在SEAC4RS期间使用1.88μm水蒸气吸收带内的双光谱反射率测量值从eMAS中检索卷云的光学和微物理性质
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。
8. Wide-Bandwidth Analog Correlator and Its Application to Mode-Locked Laser Measurements. [R] . Ramsey, J. M., Hieftje, G. M., Haugen, G. R. 1979

机译：宽带模拟相关器及其在锁模激光测量中的应用。

Bandwidth Measurements within the Cloud: Characterizing Regular Behaviors and Correlating Downtimes

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