Mechanism of Surface Cracking in a Ca12Al14O33 Crystal during the Cooling Process

Yin Yanru; Jia Zhitai; Mu Wenxiang; Gao Zeliang; Zhang Jian; Tao Xutang

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Mechanism of Surface Cracking in a Ca12Al14O33 Crystal during the Cooling Process

机译：冷却过程中Ca12Al14O33晶体表面开裂的机理

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Bulk Ca12Al14O33 (C12A7) crystals were successfully grown by the Czochralski (Cz) method. However, the surface exhibited severe cracking to a depth of about 1 mm during cooling of the as-grown crystals to room temperature. To determine the mechanism of the surface cracking we measured powder crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry, and infrared spectroscopy of the OH stretching band. It was found that the lattice parameters of the cracked crystal surface and the core were different. A weight increase in the TGA curve was observed during the cooling process. Furthermore, the OH- ion content of the crystal increased after annealing experiments. It can be concluded that incorporation of hydroxide ions caused the surface cracking of the as-grown C12A7 crystals.

机译：通过Czochralski（Cz）方法成功地生长了块状Ca12Al14O33（C12A7）晶体。然而，在将所生长的晶体冷却至室温期间，表面表现出严重的开裂至约1mm的深度。为了确定表面裂纹的机理，我们测量了OH拉伸带的粉末晶体X射线衍射，拉曼光谱，热重分析和红外光谱。发现破裂的晶体表面和核的晶格参数不同。在冷却过程中观察到TGA曲线的重量增加。此外，退火实验后晶体的OH-离子含量增加。可以得出结论，氢氧根离子的掺入会导致C12A7晶体生长。

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《Crystal growth & design》 |2016年第4期|共4页
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Yin Yanru; Jia Zhitai; Mu Wenxiang; Gao Zeliang; Zhang Jian; Tao Xutang;
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1. Mechanism of Surface Cracking in a Ca12Al14O33 Crystal during the Cooling Process [J] . Yin Yanru, Jia Zhitai, Mu Wenxiang, Crystal growth & design . 2016,第4期

机译：冷却过程中Ca12Al14O33晶体表面开裂的机理
2. Numerical Investigation of the Flow Dynamics and Evaporative Cooling of Water Droplets Impinging onto Heated Surfaces: An Effective Approach To Identify Spray Cooling Mechanisms [J] . Chen Jian-nan, Zhang Zhen, Xu Rui-na, Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids . 2016,第36期

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3. Probing into nucleation mechanisms of cooling crystallization of sodium chlorate in a stirred tank crystallizer and an oscillatory baffled crystallizer [J] . Callahan C.J., Ni X.-W. Crystal growth & design . 2012,第5期

机译：搅拌槽结晶器和振荡折流结晶器中氯酸钠冷却结晶的成核机理探讨
4. Mechanisms of epitaxial growth of SiC films by the method of atom substitution on the surfaces (100) and (111) of Si single crystals and on surfaces of Si films grown on single crystals Al2O3 [C] . S A Kukushkin, A V Osipov International Conference on Vacuum Technique and Technology . 2018

机译：Si单晶体表面（100）和（111）的原子取代方法外延生长的机制和在单晶中生长的Si膜的表面上的表面（100）和（111）
5. Investigation and modeling of the mechanisms involved in batch cooling crystallization and polymorphism through efficient use of the FBRM . [D] . Barthe, Stephanie C. 2008

机译：调查和建模的机制参与批量冷却结晶和多态性通过有效利用FBRM。
6. Thermal deformation of cryogenically cooled silicon crystals under intense X-ray beams: measurement and finite-element predictions of the surface shape [O] . Lin Zhang, Manuel Sánchez del Río, Giulio Monaco, -1

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7. The oceans mediate the response of global climate to natural and anthropogenic forcings. Yet for the past 2,000 years — a key interval for understanding the present and future climate response to these forcings — global sea surface temperature changes and the underlying driving mechanisms are poorly constrained. Here we present a global synthesis of sea surface temperatures for the Common Era (ce) derived from 57 individual marine reconstructions that meet strict quality control criteria. We observe a cooling trend from 1 to 1800 ce that is robust against explicit tests for potential biases in the reconstructions. Between 801 and 1800 ce, the surface cooling trend is qualitatively consistent with an independent synthesis of terrestrial temperature reconstructions, and with a sea surface temperature composite derived from an ensemble of climate model simulations using best estimates of past external radiative forcings. Climate simulations using single and cumulative forcings suggest that the ocean surface cooling trend from 801 to 1800 ce is not primarily a response to orbital forcing but arises from a high frequency of explosive volcanism. Our results show that repeated clusters of volcanic eruptions can induce a net negative radiative forcing that results in a centennial and global scale cooling trend via a decline in mixed-layer oceanic heat content. [O] . McGregor, Helen V., Evans, Michael N., Goosse, Hugues, 2015

机译：海洋调节了全球气候对自然和人为强迫的响应。然而，在过去的2,000年中（这是了解当前和未来气候对这些强迫的响应的关键间隔），全球海表温度变化及其潜在的驱动机制受到的约束很有限。在这里，我们提出了一个共同的时期（ce）的全球海面温度的全球综合，该综合来自57个符合严格质量控制标准的海洋重建项目。我们观察到从1到1800 ce的冷却趋势，对于显式测试重建中潜在的偏倚而言，该趋势很稳健。在801至1800 ce之间，表面降温趋势在质量上与地面温度重建的独立合成以及从使用过去外部辐射强迫的最佳估计的气候模型模拟集合推导出的海面温度合成在质量上是一致的。使用单一和累积强迫的气候模拟表明，从801到1800 ce的海洋表面冷却趋势主要不是对轨道强迫的反应，而是爆炸性火山爆发的频繁发生。我们的结果表明，火山喷发的反复簇可引起净的负辐射强迫，这会导致混合层海洋热量降低而导致百年和全球规模的降温趋势。
8. Optimization of the Cooling Profile to Achieve Crack-Free Yb:S-FAP Crystals [R] . Fang, H. S., Qiu, S. R., Kheng, L. L., 2007

机译：优化冷却曲线以实现无裂纹Yb：s-Fap晶体

Mechanism of Surface Cracking in a Ca12Al14O33 Crystal during the Cooling Process

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