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首页> 外文期刊>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica >Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications
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Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

机译：在南美洲最南端的岩石浅岸上的贻贝上钻腹足纲动物和小行星对捕食：古生物学意义

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To achieve a better understanding of predation pattern recorded in the fossil record it is essential to study predator-prey interactions in the modern seas. It includes the data collected from the field observations as well as from the experiments in captivity. Such an approach allows recognition of the bioeroders, its description and also provides quantification of these interactions. This work offers a case study of the traces of predation resulting from the predator-prey interactions between three mussels: Mytilus chilensis, Brachidontes purpuratus, and Aulacomya atra; and their five natural enemies: the gas- tropods Trophon geversianus, Xymenopsis muriciformis, and Acanthina monodon, and the asteroids Cosmasterias lurida and Anasterias antarctica living along the intertidal and/or subtidal rocky shores in Tierra del Fuego. The predatory dam- age to mussel shells varies according to the predator and prey species and techniques for attacking prey are highly special- ized. A. monodon drills a hole in B. purpuratus but uses the outer lip of its shell as a wedge to open the valves of M. chilensis and A. atra. T. geversianus always makes holes, but while it drills the valve walls of M. chilensis, it prefers to drill the valve edges of A. atra and B. purpuratus, with different characteristic patterns. Usually the shells of mussels killed by C. lurida do not suffer from any mechanical damage, but some other shells were crushed or fractured along the margins. Comparatively, time required to successfully attack a prey was shorter in C. lurida (24 hours), followed by A. monodon (36 hours), and longer in T. geversianus (9 to 10 days). Traces of predation are not randomly distributed across size classes of mussel prey, reflecting selectivity for a particular size class. Also, drill holes are usually placed at specific sectors of the shell, indicating site selectivity. These observations offer some paleontological implications for investigating the pattern of predation in fossil record. They show that different patterns of shell damage can be due to different predator species (e.g., wall vs. edge drillings), although the same predator species can leave different marks when consuming different prey (e.g., T. geversianus). Most disconcerting for paleontologists are cases of predation which do not leave any marks on the prey shell detectable in the fossil record (e.g., predation by asteroids), or leave ambiguous marks (A. monodon when preying with the spine). In conclusion, besides the opportunity to identify some traces of predation by drilling gastropods in fossil mussels, this work gives criteria to address predation in some particular paleontological cases that would otherwise be dismissed by researchers.
机译：为了更好地了解化石记录中记录的捕食模式，研究现代海洋中的食肉动物与猎物之间的相互作用至关重要。它包括从现场观察以及圈养实验中收集的数据。这种方法可以识别生物腐蚀剂，对其进行描述，还可以量化这些相互作用。这项工作提供了一个案例研究，该案例研究了三种贻贝之间的捕食者与猎物之间的相互作用所产生的捕食痕迹：青贻贝，腕带菜和紫罗兰。以及它们的五个天敌：腹足动物Trophon geversianus，Xymenopsis muriciformis和Acanthina monodon，以及小行星Cosmasterias lurida和Anasterias antarctica沿着火地岛的潮间带和/或潮间带岩石海岸生活。贻贝对捕食性动物的破坏程度因捕食者和捕食者的种类而异，并且攻击猎物的技术也非常专业。斑节对虾在紫斑紫菜上钻一个孔，但用其壳的外唇作为楔形物来打开智利支原体和曲霉的阀门。 geversianus总是开孔，但是在钻探智利支气管的瓣膜壁时，它更喜欢钻出具有不同特征模式的A. atra和B. purpuratus的瓣膜边缘。通常，被by旋梭菌杀死的贻贝的壳不会受到任何机械损伤，但是其他一些壳沿边缘被压碎或破裂。相比较而言，成功攻击猎物所需的时间在短尾C（C。lurida）中较短（24小时），其次是斑节对虾（A. monodon）（36小时），而在盖氏锥虫（T. geversianus）中则较长（9至10天）。捕食痕迹不是在贻贝猎物的大小类别中随机分布的，反映了对特定大小类别的选择性。而且，钻孔通常放置在壳体的特定区域，表明位置选择性。这些发现为调查化石记录中的捕食模式提供了一些古生物学意义。他们表明，不同的捕食者物种（例如壁钻与边缘钻）可能会造成不同的壳破坏模式，尽管相同的捕食者物种在食用不同的猎物（例如T.geversianus）时可能会留下不同的痕迹。对于古生物学者而言，最令人不安的是掠食事件，这些事件不会在化石记录中检测到的猎物壳上留下任何痕迹（例如，被小行星捕食），也不会留下模棱两可的痕迹（与脊柱捕食时为斑节对虾）。总之，除了有机会通过在化石贻贝中钻腹足类动物来识别捕食痕迹的机会外，这项工作还提供了解决某些特定古生物学案例中捕食的标准，否则研究人员将不予考虑。

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