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Adaptation of farmland management strategies to maintain livelihood by the Chagga people in the Kilimanjaro highlands

机译：适应农田管理策略以维持乞力马扎罗高地的克琼斯人民的生计

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Smallholder farmers attempt to adapt their farmland management through multiple strategies in order to secure their livelihood against external stress factors. Cultivating different species and genotypes of crops is one of the strategies implemented by smallholder farmers to maintain their livelihood. In the Kilimanjaro highlands, the Chagga people run small-scale farming. Traditionally, they cultivate diverse varieties of banana and coffee in home gardens in high-altitude areas and maize in low-altitude foothill farms. However, this type of farmland management had to be altered gradually in response to changes in external factors. This paper examines the role of cropping practice and diverse banana genotypes in the livelihood of the Chagga people, to understand how they altered their farmland management strategy to adapt to the current socio-economic circumstances, based on interviews, observations, and genetic analysis of banana. Our results showed that the Chagga people had altered their farmland management strategy by increasing banana and maize cultivation and decreasing coffee cultivation in the home garden based on the significance of each crop in their livelihood. The importance of banana cultivation for the livelihood of Chagga people has been recently recognized as an income source in addition to a staple food because of its increasing demand in neighboring big cities. Maize cultivation in home gardens has expanded because of the steady increase in the household demand of maize over the last 40 years and the decrease in size and ownership of foothill farms. Conversely, coffee cultivation as a household income has declined because of a reduction in coffee prices in the world market and increasing challenges in its cultivation. Additionally, the Chagga people accurately distinguish and use 11 types of bananas in their daily diet and cultural use. Maintaining diverse genotypes of bananas in home gardens is one of the adaptation strategies that bring stable food supply and income, and consequently enable them to maintain their livelihood under changing socio-economic circumstances.
机译：小农农民试图通过多种策略调整其耕地管理，以确保其对外部压力因素的生计。培养不同物种和作物的基因型是小农农民维持生计的策略之一。在乞力马扎罗高地，克琼斯人民养成小规模的农业。传统上，他们在高空地区的家庭园林中培养了各种各样的香蕉和咖啡，在低空山麓农场玉米。然而，这种类型的农田管理必须逐步改变，以应对外部因素的变化。本文探讨了种植实践和多样化的香蕉基因型在克尔加人民生计中的作用，了解如何改变他们的农田管理战略，以适应当前的社会经济环境，基于对香蕉的访谈，观察和遗传分析。我们的研究结果表明，基于每次作物在生计中的意义，樟群人通过增加香蕉和玉米培养和玉米种植和咖啡种植来改变了他们的农田管理战略。由于其在邻近的大城市的需求日益增加，因此，除了主食之外，Banana培养的重要性最近还被认可为收入来源。由于玉米家禽在过去40年内稳步增加，玉米种植已扩大，并且在过去的40年里，玉米玉米需求的稳定增加以及山麓农场的规模和所有权减少。相反，由于世界市场的咖啡价格降低以及培养挑战，咖啡种植已经下降。此外，Chagga人们准确地区分了11种类型的香蕉在日常饮食和文化用途中。维持家庭花园中香蕉的多样性基因型是带来稳定的食品供应和收入的适应策略之一，因此使他们能够在不断变化的社会经济环境下保持其生计。

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