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Modelling agricultural nitrogen losses to enhance the environmental sustainability under Mediterranean conditions

机译：建模农业氮损失，以提高地中海条件下的环境可持续性

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摘要

In intensive agricultural systems, irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer are the most important factors that influence crop production and N losses. This work aimed to evaluate the N best management practices using the calibrated and validated Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) model for maize (short and long season), wheat, barley, sunflower and alfalfa in the Violada Irrigation District (VID, Northeast Spain) to reduce the impact of N losses on irrigation return flows quality. In total, 59 farmers' field plots were investigated from 2014 to 2017 crop seasons distributed in the different soil types in the VID in order to assess the current and optimum N fertilization and the combined irrigation and N fertilization management practices. Considering the whole cultivated crop area in each soil type of the VID and comparing with the current N fertilization, results showed that the optimum N management could reduce the NO3-N leaching below root zone by 51 % and residual NO3-N in soil by 58 %. These reductions could be improved further by 35 % and 3 %, respectively, under the combined N fertilization and irrigation optimum management. The more vulnerable soils for NO3-N leaching (shallow and/or very permeable soils) were also identified. As for the impact of individual crops, the model identified that both long and short season maize were the most polluting crops (84 % of total N leached) due to the heavy fertilization applied by the local farmers that exceed crop requirements by more than 50 %. Moreover, the recommended irrigation and N fertilization could reduce N2O-N emissions by 60 %, the triple than under the recommended N fertilization alone. This study supports the potential of the DSSAT model to incentivize farmers to adjust their N fertilizer and irrigation practices to crop requirement and soil properties to ensure production while improving environmental sustainability.
机译：在密集的农业系统中，灌溉和氮气（N）肥料是影响作物生产和亏损的最重要因素。这项工作旨在使用校准和经过验证的决策支持系统进行玉米（短期和漫长季节），小麦，大麦，向日葵和苜蓿（VID） ，东北西班牙）以减少戒断戒断流量质量的损失影响。共有59名农民的场地地块于2014年到2017年到2017年作物季节分布在VID中的不同土壤类型中，以评估电流和最佳的N施肥和综合灌溉和施肥管理实践。考虑到全部土壤类型的整个栽培作物区域，并与目前的氮施肥相比，结果表明，最佳N管理可以将根部区下方的NO3-N浸出51％和土壤中的残留NO3-N减少58 ％。在施肥和灌溉最优管理组合，可以将这些减少进一步提高35％和3％。还鉴定了NO3-N浸出（浅和/或非常渗透性土壤）的脆弱土壤。至于个体作物的影响，由于当地农民超过50％以上的群体施加的浓肥，这两种模型都认为长期和短季玉米是最污染的作物（总共浸出的84％） 。此外，推荐的灌溉和氮肥可以将N2O-N施用减少60％，而不是仅仅是推荐的N施肥。本研究支持DSSAT模型的潜力，以激励农民调整其N肥料和灌溉实践，以确保生产的生产，同时提高环境可持续性。

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