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Temporal and spatial variations of irrigation water use for commercial corn fields in Central Nebraska

机译：内布拉斯加州商业玉米田灌溉用水的时间和空间变化

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The increasing pressure on water resources in Nebraska-US and other agricultural areas requires the implementation of innovative tools and solutions for the governance of water resources and the analysis of water use efficiency. In this vein, this paper presents the application of a remote sensing based soil water balance for the study of water use in agricultural areas. The specific objectives were the identification of the temporal and spatial behavior of the irrigation water use based on the quantification of the water use deviation (irrigation water applied minus irrigation water requirements), as the main indicator and the comparative analysis of the irrigation productivity (crop yield under irrigated field minus crop yield under rainfed condition per volume of water applied by irrigation), WPi, water productivity (harvestable grain per total volume of water applied considering precipitation plus irrigation), WP, and finally water productivity based on evapotranspiration (harvested grain per total volume of water evapotranspired), WPET, in the various management zones analyzed. Additionally, we examined the impact of soil types, local weather and irrigation system (center pivot and furrow irrigation) on these indicators. The study was carried out in three Natural Resources District (Tri-Basin, Central Platte and Lower Niobrara) across Central Nebraska for the period 2004-2012 and comprised over 2000 irrigated corn fields per year. Crop water requirements were estimated using the reflectance-based crop coefficient approach developed in previous research (see Campos et al., 2017) and the field data were reported for each field monitored through cropland data layer by National Agricultural Statistics Service of USDA. The difference between modeled irrigation water requirements and field level irrigation application was significant (p < 0.001) being the water use deviation in generally positive (over irrigation). These results were consistently higher for furrow irrigated fields during the whole analyzed period, reaching up to three times more water applied compared to the required amount. This was expected as surface irrigation systems typically require a higher application depth. This trend changed for the central pivot irrigated fields depending on the climatic conditions, especially in dry years. The analysis of the water use deviation with respect to soil types and weather conditions revealed that the water use deviation is not justified by the biophysical conditions alone. The estimated values of WP and WPi for furrow system was lower compared to center pivot in both NRD's reaching the maximum value of 1.37 kg m(-3) and 3.06 kg m(-3) for WP and WPi in Tri-basin respectively for center pivot. In general, the results suggested potential to improve water management in these NRDs in Central Nebraska and reduce pumping potentially saving groundwater resources for drought years and other uses monitoring soil type, weather data and switching to sprinklers system.
机译：内布拉斯加州和其他农业领域的水资源压力越来越大，要求实施水资源治理的创新工具和解决方案，以及水分利用效率的分析。本文介绍了遥感基于土壤水平的农业区用水研究的应用。具体目标是鉴定灌溉用水的时间和空间行为，基于水使用偏差的量化（灌溉水灌溉水需求），作为主要指标和灌溉生产力的比较分析（作物在灌溉施用的每体积水中的雨水条件下的灌溉田间减去产量，WPI，水生产率（每次总量施用沉淀加灌溉量），WP，最终基于蒸散蒸腾的水生产率（收获谷物每次蒸馏水总量），WPPET，在各种管理区分析。此外，我们还检查了土壤类型，局部天气和灌溉系统（中心枢轴和沟灌）对这些指标的影响。该研究于2004 - 2012年中部内布拉斯加州三个自然资源区（三盆，中央普拉特和下牛德牛群）进行，每年灌溉玉米田超过2000年。使用以前研究中开发的基于反射的作物系数方法估计了作物水要求（参见Campos等，2017），通过美国农业部国家农业统计服务通过农业统计服务监测的每个领域，报告了现场数据。建模灌溉水需求和场级灌溉施用之间的差异是显着的（P <0.001），是通常阳性（过度灌溉）的用水偏差。这些结果在整个分析期间沟渠灌溉场始终较高，与所需量相比，施用的水多达三倍。这预期为表面灌溉系统通常需要更高的应用深度。根据气候条件，尤其是在干燥年度，中央枢轴灌溉领域的这种趋势发生了变化。对土壤类型和天气条件的用水偏差的分析表明，通过单独的生物物理条件，水使用偏差并不理解。与分别在中央的三盆中的WP和WPI中达到最大值为1.37kg m（-3）和3.06kg m（-3）的最大值为1.37kg m（-3）和3.06 kg m（-3）的中心枢轴的估计值较低。枢。一般来说，结果表明，在内布拉斯加州中部提高了这些NRD中的水管理，减少了泵送潜在节约的干旱年地下水资源，其他用途使用监测土壤类型，天气数据和切换到喷头洒水器系统。

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