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首页> 外文期刊>Aquatic Toxicology >Atrazine promotes immunomodulation by melanomacrophage centre alterations in spleen and vascular disorders in gills from Oreochromis niloticus
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Atrazine promotes immunomodulation by melanomacrophage centre alterations in spleen and vascular disorders in gills from Oreochromis niloticus

机译：阿特拉齐促进了脾脏和血管菌中脾脏和血管疾病中的黑素肿瘤疾病的免疫调节

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Atrazine is a herbicide that is banned in Europe but remains widely used on different types of crops in several countries in the American continent. Atrazine is known to be an endocrine disruptor and its effects on gonads have been extensively reported, but the toxic action on other organs is poorly documented. In this paper, we investigated the toxicity of atrazine on the gills and spleens of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The median lethal concentration (LC50), capable of killing one-half of the test animals was calculated, and sublethal concentrations of atrazine were used in a semistatic and subchronic assay. The following four experimental groups were formed: control not exposed to atrazine, a group exposed to 1 ppm atrazine for 15 days, a group exposed to 2 ppm for 7 days, and a group exposed to 2 ppm for 15 days. The concentrations were verified during the study by high performance liquid chromatography. The gills and spleens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and histopathological findings were made. The Perls technique was used on the spleens to identify hemosiderin, lipofuscin, and melanin pigments in the cells from melanomacrophage centres (MMCs). The spleens were submitted to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemistry, and morphometry was used to assess splenocyte proliferation and melanomacrophage iNOS expression. Finally, a colorimetric assay for caspase-3 was performed on the spleens to identify apoptosis. Vascular and structural alterations, such as venous sinus congestion, aneurysm, hemorrhage, pillar cell hypertrophy, disarrangement of secondary lamellae, and epithelial lifting were observed in the gills. The frequency of individuals with aneurysms was higher in the groups treated with 2 ppm than in other groups. Atrazine had an immunomodulatory effect on the spleen, observed by the alteration in the percentage of red and white pulp, alteration of the MMC area, changes in the melanomacrophage pigment content, slight iNOS suppression, decrease in splenocyte proliferation under 1 ppm atrazine, and increased caspase 3 activity under 2 ppm atrazine after 7 and 15 d. Such effects could compromise oxygenation and the immune response and, ultimately, the survival and fitness of the fish.
机译：阿特拉津是欧洲禁止的除草剂，但仍然广泛用于美国大陆的几个国家的不同类型的作物。众所周知，阿特拉津是内分泌破坏器，其对Gonads的影响已被广泛报道，但其他器官的毒性作用记录不佳。在本文中，我们研究了尼罗基亚罗非鱼（Oreochromis Niloticus）鳃和脾脏上尿嘧啶的毒性。计算中位致死浓度（LC50），能够杀死一半试验动物的一半，并且在半压谐测定中使用亚甲嘧啶的亚甲嘧啶。形成以下四个实验组：对照未暴露于阿特拉嗪，将一组暴露于1ppm尿嘧啶15天，将一个小组暴露在2ppm持续7天，并将一组暴露于2 ppm 15天。通过高效液相色谱法在研究期间核实浓度。用苏木精和曙红和曙红和组织病理学发现染色鳃和脾脏。 Perls技术用于脾脏，以鉴定来自黑色素萎缩中心（MMC）的细胞中的血清素，脂血素和黑色素颜料。将脾脏提交给增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）和诱导的一氧化氮合酶（InOS）免疫组化，并且形态学用于评估脾细胞增殖和黑色素噬菌体Inos表达。最后，对脾脏进行Caspase-3的比色测定以鉴定细胞凋亡。在鳃中观察到血管和结构改变，如静脉窦充血，动脉瘤，出血，柱细胞肥大，脱落和上皮提升的脱落。用2ppm处理的基团具有比其他组的子脉瘤的个体频率更高。阿特拉嗪对脾脏进行免疫调节作用，通过改变红色和白色纸浆的百分比，改变MMC面积，黑色粒细胞色素含量的变化，略微in Inos抑制，脾细胞增殖降低1ppm尿嘧啶下降，增加在7和15 d后2 ppm尿atzine下的Caspase 3活性。这种效果可能会危及氧合和免疫应答，最终，鱼类的存活率和适应性。

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