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首页> 外文期刊>Archives of Toxicology >Internal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and biological markers in 101 healthy 1-year-old children: associations between levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and vaccine response
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Internal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and biological markers in 101 healthy 1-year-old children: associations between levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and vaccine response

机译：内部接触全氟烷基物质（PFASS）和101名健康1岁儿童的生物标志物：全氟辛酸（PFOA）水平之间的关联和疫苗反应

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Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a complex group of man-made chemicals with high stability and mobility leading to ubiquitous environmental contamination and accumulation in the food chain. In human serum/plasma samples, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are the lead compounds. They are immunotoxic in experimental animals, and epidemiological studies provided evidence of a diminished production of vaccine antibodies in young children. However, information on children of the first year of age is missing but relevant, as they have a relatively high exposure if breastfed, and may have a higher susceptibility as their immune system is developing. In a cross-sectional study with 101 healthy 1-year-old children, internal levels of persistent organic pollutants and a broad panel of biological parameters were investigated at the end of the 1990s. Additional analysis of PFASs resulted in plasma levels (mean +/- SD) of PFOA and PFOS of 3.8 +/- 1.1 and 6.8 +/- 3.4 mu g/L, respectively, in the 21 formula-fed children, and of 16.8 +/- 6.6 and 15.2 +/- 6.9 mu g/L in the 80 children exclusively breastfed for at least 4 months. The study revealed significant associations between levels of PFOA, but not of PFOS, and adjusted levels of vaccine antibodies against Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib, r = 0.32), tetanus (r = 0.25) and diphtheria (r = 0.23), with no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs) determined by fitting a 'knee' function of 12.2, 16.9 and 16.2 mu g/L, respectively. The effect size (means for PFOA quintiles Q1 vs. Q5) was quantified to be - 86, - 54 and - 53%, respectively. Furthermore, levels of PFOA were inversely associated with the interferon gamma (IFN gamma) production of ex-vivo lymphocytes after stimulation with tetanus and diphtheria toxoid, with an effect size of - 64 and - 59% (means Q1 vs. Q5), respectively. The study revealed no influence of PFOA and PFOS on infections during the first year of life and on levels of cholesterol. Our results confirmed the negative associations of PFAS levels and parameters of immune response observed in other epidemiological studies, with high consistency as well as comparable NOAECs and effects sizes for the three vaccine antibodies investigated, but for PFOA only. Due to reduction of background levels of PFASs during the last 20 years, children in Germany nowadays breastfed for a long duration are for the most part not expected to reach PFOA levels at the end of the breastfeeding period above the NOAECs determined.
机译：全氟烷基物质（PFASS）是一种复杂的人造化学品，具有高稳定性和流动性，导致食物链中普遍存在的环境污染和积累。在人血清/等离子体样品中，全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸盐（PFOS）是铅化合物。它们在实验动物中是免疫毒性，流行病学研究提供了幼儿疫苗抗体的减少的证据。然而，关于第一年龄的儿童的信息缺失，但是如果母乳喂养的曝光相对较高，并且可能具有更高的易感性，因为他们的免疫系统正在发展。在101名健康1岁儿童的横断面研究中，在20世纪90年代末调查了持续有机污染物的内部水平和广泛的生物参数。 PFOA的额外分析PFOA和PFO的血浆水平（平均+/- 1.1和6.8 +/- 1.1和6.8 +/-3.4μg/ L，分别在21例配方喂养儿童中，16.8 + / - 6.6和15.2 +/- 6.9 mu g / l在80名儿童中专门母乳喂养至少4个月。该研究揭示了PFOA水平，但不含PFO的疫苗抗体水平之间的显着关联，以及针对嗜血杆菌的疫苗抗体的疫苗抗体（Hib，R = 0.32），破伤风（R = 0.25）和白喉（R = 0.23），没有观察到通过拟合12.2,16.9和16.2μg/ l的“膝关节”功能而确定的不良反应浓度（NOAEC）。效果尺寸（PFOA Quintiles Q1与Q5的装置）分别定量为-86,54和-53％。此外，PFOA的水平与刺激于破伤风和白喉类毒素后的前体内淋巴细胞的干扰素γ（IFNγ）产生，其效果大小分别为-64和-59％（指Q1与Q5）。 。该研究揭示了PFOA和PFO在生命的第一年和胆固醇水平期间对感染的影响。我们的结果证实了在其他流行病学研究中观察到的PFAS水平和免疫反应参数的负面关联，其具有高一致性以及对研究的三种疫苗抗体的可比诺贝克和效果尺寸，但仅适用于PFOA。由于在过去的20年中减少了PFASS的背景水平，德国的儿童如今母乳喂养了长期母乳喂养的是，大多数情况下都没有预期在NOAEC上方的母乳喂养期结束时达到PFOA水平。

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