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Toxic effects and biodistribution of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles

机译:超超级金纳米粒子的毒性效应和生物分布

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摘要

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively explored in biomedical applications, for example as drug carriers, contrast agents, or therapeutics. However, AuNP can exhibit cytotoxic profile, when the size is below 2 nm (ultrasmall AuNP; usAuNP) and when the stabilizing ligands allow for access to the gold surface either for the direct interaction with biomolecules or for catalytic activity of the unshielded gold surface. Furthermore, usAuNP exhibits significantly different biodistribution and enhanced circulation times compared to larger AuNP. This review gives an overview about the synthesis and the physico-chemical properties of usAuNP and, thereby, focusses on 1.4 nm sized AuNP, which are derived from the compound Au-55(PPh3)(12)Cl-6 and which are the most intensively studied usAuNP in the field. This part is followed by a summary of the toxic properties of usAuNP, which include in vitro cytotoxicity tests on different cell lines, electrophysiological tests following FDA guidelines as well as studies on antibacterial effects. Finally, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of ultrasmall AuNP are discussed and compared to the properties of more biocompatible, larger AuNP.
机译:在生物医学应用中广泛探索金纳米粒子(AUNP),例如药物载体,造影剂或治疗剂。然而,当尺寸低于2nm时,AUNP可以表现出细胞毒性曲线,并且当稳定配体允许进入与生物分子的直接相互作用或未屏蔽金表面的催化活性时允许进入金表面的允许进入金表面。此外,与较大的AUNP相比,USAUNP表现出显着不同的生物分布和增强的循环时间。该审查概述了uSAUNP的合成和物理化学性质,从而侧重于1.4nm大小的AUNP,其衍生自化合物AU-55(PPH3)(12)CL-6,最多在该领域的救济地研究了USAUNP。该部分之后是USAUNP的毒性特性概述,其包括在不同细胞系上的体外细胞毒性试验,在FDA准则之后的电生理学测试以及对抗菌作用的研究。最后,讨论了超Qualp的生物分布和药代动力学,并与更加生物相容性,较大的AUNP的性质进行了讨论。

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