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Sources of springtime surface black carbon in the Arctic: an adjoint analysis for April 2008

机译：北极春天表面黑碳的来源：2008年4月的伴股分析

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摘要

We quantify source contributions to springtime (April 2008) surface black carbon (BC) in the Arctic by interpreting surface observations of BC at five receptor sites (Denali, Barrow, Alert, Zeppelin, and Summit) using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and its adjoint. Contributions to BC at Barrow, Alert, and Zeppelin are dominated by Asian anthropogenic sources (40-43 %) before 18 April and by Siberian open biomass burning emissions (29-41 %) afterward. In contrast, Summit, a mostly free tropospheric site, has predominantly an Asian anthropogenic source contribution (24-68 %, with an average of 45 %). We compute the adjoint sensitivity of BC concentrations at the five sites during a pollution episode (20-25 April) to global emissions from 1 March to 25 April. The associated contributions are the combined results of these sensitivities and BC emissions. Local and regional anthropogenic sources in Alaska are the largest anthropogenic sources of BC at Denali (63% of total anthropogenic contributions), and natural gas flaring emissions in the western extreme north of Russia (WENR) are the largest anthropogenic sources of BC at Zeppelin (26 %) and Alert (13 %). We find that long-range transport of emissions from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (also known as Jing-Jin-Ji), the biggest urbanized region in northern China, contribute significantly (similar to 10 %) to surface BC across the Arctic. On average, it takes similar to 12 days for Asian anthropogenic emissions and Siberian biomass burning emissions to reach the Arctic lower troposphere, supporting earlier studies. Natural gas flaring emissions from the WENR reach Zeppelin in about a week. We find that episodic transport events dominate BC at Denali (87 %), a site outside the Arctic front, which is a strong transport barrier. The relative contribution of these events to surface BC within the polar dome is much smaller (similar to 50% at Barrow and Zeppelin and similar to 10% at Alert). The large contributions from Asian anthropogenic sources are predominately in the form of "chronic" pollution (similar to 40% at Barrow, 65% at Alert, and 57% at Zeppelin) on about a 1-month timescale. As such, it is likely that previous studies using 5- or 10-day trajectory analyses strongly underestimated the contribution from Asia to surface BC in the Arctic.
机译：我们通过使用全球化学传输模型（Geos-化学）及其伴随。 BC在Barrow，Alert和Zeppelin对BC的贡献是由亚洲人类学来源（40-43％）在4月18日之前，并由西伯利亚开放生物量燃烧排放（29-41％）。相比之下，大多数自由的对流层遗址峰会主要是亚洲人为源贡献（24-68％，平均为45％）。我们在4月1日至4月25日期间到全球排放期间，在污染集（4月20日至25日4月）期间，将BC浓度的伴随灵敏度计算在4月1日至4月25日。相关贡献是这些敏感度和公共公共排放的组合结果。阿拉斯加的局部和区域人为源是丹纳利（占所述人为贡献的63％）的最大的人为源，而俄罗斯西部极端的天然气发出排放是Zeppelin最大的BC人类学来源（ 26％）和警报（13％）。我们发现，北京 - 天津 - 河北（也称为Jing-Jin-ji）是中国最大的城市化地区的远程排放量，达到北极地表BC的显着贡献（类似于10％）。平均而言，亚洲人为排放和西伯利亚生物量燃烧排放需要12天，以实现北极较低的对流层，支持早期的研究。来自WENR的天然气辐射排放在大约一周内从WENR到达Zeppelin。我们发现，北极航空公司（87％）占据了北极前沿的网站，这是一个强大的运输障碍。这些事件在极性圆顶内的表面BC的相对贡献比在Barrow和Zepelin的50％类似，并且在警报时类似于10％）。亚洲人为源的大贡献主要以“慢性”污染（慢性“污染（在Barrow，65％的40％）的形式，大约1个月的时间尺度约为1个月。因此，前面的使用5-或10天轨迹分析的研究很可能强烈低估了北极地区BC的贡献。

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