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首页> 外文期刊>Integrative and Comparative Biology >Measuring and Comparing Extinction Events: Reconsidering Diversity Crises and Concepts
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Measuring and Comparing Extinction Events: Reconsidering Diversity Crises and Concepts

机译：测量和比较灭绝事件：重新考虑多样性危机和概念

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To understand our present diversity crisis, it is natural to look to past crises for parallels and indicators. This is difficult because the present crisis is unlike the "Big Five" of the past:it is mostly terrestrial (with an increasing marine component), involves widespread habitat destruction and alteration of climate, and is largely anthropogenic, with confounding effects of differences in loss of diversity among continents and the difficulty of separating anthropogenic extinctions from natural Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene extinctions. In contrast, the "Big Five" crises of the geologic record are mainly marine (in the first two, no land vertebrates existed), and because marine taxa outnumber terrestrial taxa by a margin of about 25:1, global analyses of diversity crises have tended to lump together all phyla and environments. As a result, terrestrial evidence has been "swamped" statistically by the marine data. Both synchroneity and causality of terrestrial and marine events have usually been assumed, but without decisive data. Terrestrial vertebrate faunas do not seem to have been suddenly and catastrophically affected at the ends of the Permian, the Triassic, and the Cretaceous; rather, the pattern generally seems to be of steady turnover and replacement of groups and sometimes of slow decline. Here I suggest a revision of the concept of " mass extinction," which has no definitional limits on the application of the term with respect to duration, geography, ecology, or taxa affected. Unusual drops in taxonomic diversity have traditionally focused on increases in extinction rates, with scarce consideration of origination rates and their interplay with extinction rates. Analyses of hypothesized diversity crises should be operationally and situationally defined and statistically normalized through the histories of taxa and biotas, and should explicitly include both origination and extinction rates. The term "mass extinctions" would be usefully replaced by "diversity crises." These parameters require not absolute numerical (or percentage) limits but situational ones.
机译：要了解我们目前的多样性危机，它很自然地展望过去的危机和指标。这很困难，因为目前的危机与过去的“大五”不同：大多数是陆地（随着海洋部件的增加），涉及普遍的栖息地破坏和气候变化，并且是基本上的人为，具有差异的混淆影响大陆之间的多样性丧失以及将人为灭绝与自然优质烯和渗透后灭绝分离的难度。相比之下，地质记录的“大五”危机主要是海洋（在前两者中，没有陆地脊椎动物存在），因为海洋分类群数量占地面积约25：1，全球分析多样性危机倾向于将所有植物和环境均匀。因此，陆地证据已被海洋数据统计上“淹没”。通常假设地面和海洋事件的同步性和因果关系，但没有决定性数据。陆地脊椎动物粪便似乎并不突然突然受到突然灾难的影响，在二叠纪，三叠纪和白垩纪的末端;相反，该模式似乎似乎是稳定的营业额和替代群体，有时候会缓慢下降。在这里，我建议修改“大规模灭绝”的概念，该概念对于受影响的持续时间，地理，生态学或征草的术语没有定义限制。传统上的分类多样性的不寻常下降传统上专注于灭绝率的增加，稀缺考虑起始率及其与灭绝率的相互作用。假设多样性危机的分析应通过分类群和生物群体的历史进行操作和境地定义和统计标准化，并应明确地包括发起和消除率。术语“大规模灭绝”将被“多样性危机”用来取代。这些参数不需要绝对数值（或百分比）限制，而是态势。

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