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A study on the characterisation of the species formed during fluoride removal through coagulation

机译：通过凝固氟化物去除过程中形成的物种表征的研究

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摘要

>Various techniques for fluoride removal have been adapted like adsorption, electro (coagulation), membrane separation, Nalgonda (coagulation technique) process have been adapted to meet the fluoride standards ( 1.5 ppm). Among these, coagulation is widely applied, highly profitable and efficient technique. Here, alum is used as a coagulant leading to residual aluminium in treated water more than the permissible limit ( 0.2 ppm). In the present work, defluoridation has been observed for initial fluoride concentration of 4 ppm with reaction pH of 6.5 for optimised coagulant dose and subsequent microfiltration to meet the residual aluminium standards. As the species formed during the process play an influential role in the mechanism, the stability and size of the species in treated water has been analysed through zeta-charge and zeta-sizing. The sludge produced during the process is of environmental concern which needs proper application. Sludge was characterised through XRD, SEM, TEM analysis and it was observed that it can be applied for solidification/stabilisation.
机译：

用于氟化物去除的各种技术已经适应吸附，电磁（凝结），膜分离，Nalgonda（凝血技术）方法已经适用于满足氟化物标准（＆ 1.5 ppm）。其中，凝结被广泛应用，高利润和高效的技术。这里，明矾用作凝结剂，导致处理水的残留铝，比允许极限大（<0.2ppm）。在本作工作中，已经观察到偏氟化荧光浓度为4ppm，反应pH为6.5，用于优化的凝结剂剂量和随后的微滤以满足残留的铝标准。随着在该过程中形成的物种在机理中起着影响力作用，通过Zeta-Chift和Zeta尺寸分析了处理水中物种的稳定性和尺寸。过程中产生的污泥是需要适当应用的环境问题。通过XRD，SEM，TEM分析表征污泥，观察到它可以应用于凝固/稳定化。

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