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Massive Binary Black Holes in the Cosmic Landscape

机译：宇宙景观中的大规模二元黑洞

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Binary black holes occupy a special place in our quest for understanding the evolution of galaxies along cosmic history. If massive black holes grow at the center of (pre-)galactic structures that experience a sequence of merger episodes, then dual black holes form as inescapable outcome of galaxy assembly, and can in principle be detected as powerful dual quasars. But, if the black holes reach coalescence, during their inspiral inside the galaxy remnant, then they become the loudest sources of gravitational waves ever in the universe. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna is being developed to reveal these waves that carry information on the mass and spin of these binary black holes out to very large look-back times. Nature seems to provide a pathway for the formation of these exotic binaries, and a number of key questions need to be addressed: How do massive black holes pair in a merger? Depending on the properties of the underlying galaxies, do black holes always form a close Keplerian binary? If a binary forms, does hardening proceed down to the domain controlled by gravitational wave back reaction? What is the role played by gas and/or stars in braking the black holes, and on which timescale does coalescence occur? Can the black holes accrete on flight and shine during their pathway to coalescence? After outlining key observational facts on dual/binary black holes, we review the progress made in tracing their dynamics in the habitat of a gas-rich merger down to the smallest scales ever probed with the help of powerful numerical simulations. N-Body/hydrodynamical codes have proven to be vital tools for studying their evolution, and progress in this field is expected to grow rapidly in the effort to describe, in full realism, the physics of stars and gas around the black holes, starting from the cosmological large scale of a merger. If detected in the new window provided by the upcoming gravitational wave experiments, binary black holes will provide a deep view into the process of hierarchical clustering which is at the heart of the current paradigm of galaxy formation. They will also be exquisite probes for testing General Relativity, as the theory of gravity. The waveforms emitted during the inspiral, coalescence and ring-down phase carry in their shape the sign of a dynamically evolving space-time and the proof of the existence of an horizon.
机译：二元黑洞在我们寻求了解星系沿宇宙历史演变过程中的特殊位置。如果大量的黑洞生长在经历一系列合并事件的（前）银河结构的中心，则双黑洞会形成不可避免的星系组装结果，并且原则上可以检测为强大的双类星体。但是，如果黑洞在银河系内部的吸气过程中达到聚结状态，那么它们将成为宇宙中有史以来最响亮的引力波源。正在开发激光干涉仪太空天线，以揭示这些波，这些波携带有关质量的信息，并且将这些二进制黑洞旋转到非常大的回溯时间。大自然似乎为形成这些奇异的二进制文件提供了途径，并且需要解决许多关键问题：合并中的巨大黑洞如何配对？根据底层星系的性质，黑洞是否总是形成紧密的开普勒双星？如果是二进制形式，硬化会继续进行到由重力波反作用控制的范围吗？气体和/或恒星在阻止黑洞中起什么作用？在什么时间尺度上发生聚结？黑洞在聚结的过程中会在飞行中积聚并发光吗？在概述了关于双/双黑洞的关键观测事实之后，我们回顾了在强大的数值模拟的帮助下将其在富含气体的合并环境中追踪到最小规模所取得的进展。 N体/流体力学代码已被证明是研究其演化的重要工具，并且在努力以真实感全面描述黑洞周围的恒星和气体物理现象方面，该领域的进展有望迅速增长。合并的宇宙学规模。如果在即将来临的引力波实验提供的新窗口中检测到，则二进制黑洞将提供对层次聚类过程的深入了解，而层次聚类是当前星系形成范例的核心。它们还将作为测试广义相对论（作为引力论）的精妙探针。在吸气，聚结和衰荡阶段发出的波形在形状上带有动态演变的时空符号，并证明存在地平线。

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