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Recent findings on the native status and vegetation ecology of Scots pine in Ireland and their implications for forestry policy and management

机译：爱尔兰苏格兰松林本土地位与植被生态的最新调查结果及其对林业政策与管理的影响

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It has been generally accepted that Scots pine (Pinus sylveslris L.) became extinct in Ireland c. AD 400. The species was reintroduced in the mid-17lh century and has been widely planted. It has been included in the Native Woodland Scheme, which provides grants to establish or restore native woodlands. However, its native status in Ireland has been disputed and the vegetation ecology and conservation value of Irish pinewoods have been poorly understood.These knowledge gaps have been addressed using an approach combining vegetation ecology and palaeoecology. Vegetation surveys were conducted at eighteen pinewoods in Ireland and six in Scotland. Cluster analysis was used to evaluate the floristic similarity between plots and classify them into groups. One of the Irish pinewoods was of unknown origin (Rockforest, Co. Clare). To reconstruct its vegetation history, a sediment core was extracted from Rockforest Lough. Pollen, macrofossil and dating analyseswere conducted.Cluster analysis identified four groups, representing distinct pinewood vegetation types. The vegetation of certain Irish groups and sites exhibited similarities with that of extant native pinewoods elsewhere in oceanic north-west Europe or fossil assemblages from ancient Irish pinewoods. While the vegetation of Irish pinewoods did not correspond to that of typical Scottish Caledonian forests, Coronation Plantation and the bog pinewoods at Clonfinane and All Saints Bog exhibited strong similarities withother native Scottish pinewoods of high conservation value. Natural regeneration of P. sylveslris was poor overall.The pollen diagram from Rockforest Lough showed a continuously high Pinus pollen frequency (38-51 % of total terrestrial pollen) from c. AD 350 to the present. Macrofossil evidence demonstrated local presence of P. sylvestris around Rockforest Lough c. AD 840. The available historical sources indicated a long history of woodland cover at Rockforest. A separate analysis of a peat core from nearby Aughrim Swamp also showed a continuous Pinus signal from c. AD 350 to the present.The findings of the vegetation analysis suggest that P. sylvestris woodlands are an important resource for Irish biodiversity, particularly given the country's low native woodland cover. The palaeoecological data indicate that native P. sylvestris persisted at Rockforest from c. AD 350 to the present. The hypothesis that P. sylvestris became extinct in Ireland is rejected. These findings should inform evidence-based forest management and policy. They support the inclusion of P. sylvestris in the NativeWoodland Scheme. In general, reintroduced P. sylvestris should be managed as a native species in Irish woodlands. The data presented should inform site and species selection.The P. sylvestris population at Rockforest is of high conservation value but its rarity increases its extinction risk. It should be carefully managed and monitored and seed-sourcing must be compatible with the long-term viability of the population. Cooperation between forestry and nature conservation agencies is needed to ensure its continued survival and to develop opportunities for the restoration of native pinewoods in Ireland.
机译：普遍认为，苏格兰杉树（Pinus Sylveslris L）在爱尔兰C灭绝。广告400.该物种在17L世纪中期重新推荐，已被广泛种植。它已被列入本土林地计划，该计划提供了建立或恢复原生林地的补助金。然而，它在爱尔兰的本土地位已经有争议，爱尔兰松林的植被生态和保护价值都很糟糕。已经使用植被生态学和古生学的方法解决了知识差距。植被调查是在爱尔兰的十八个Pinewoods和六个苏格兰进行的。集群分析用于评估地块之间的植物相似性并将其分为组。其中一个爱尔兰松林伍德起源于未知的起源（Rockforest，Co. Clare）。为了重建其植被历史，从摇滚植物中提取沉积物核心。进行了花粉，大甲甲基和约会分析。群体分析确定了四组，代表了不同的Pinewood植被类型。某些爱尔兰群体和地点的植被表现出与古代爱尔兰石伍德的海洋西北欧洲或化石组合中的现存原住民的相似之处。虽然爱尔兰石窗的植被与典型的苏格兰喀尔德森林，加冕种植园和克隆芬兰的沼泽伍德和沼泽沼泽的沼泽窗口展出了具有较强的高保价苏格兰松木的强烈相似之处。 P.Sylveslris的自然再生总体较差。来自岩石的花粉图显示出从C的连续高的Pinus花粉频率（总陆地花粉的38-51％）。广告350到现在。大甲酰胺证据表明，洛杉矶最终的P. Sylvestris局部存在。 AD 840.可用的历史消息来源表示岩石覆盖的历史悠久。从附近的AughRim沼泽的泥炭芯的单独分析还显示了来自C的连续疙瘩信号。 AD 350至今。植被分析的发现表明，P.Sylvestris林地是爱尔兰生物多样性的重要资源，特别是鉴于该国低天然林地封面。古生学数据表明，来自C的岩石生物的P.Sylvestris仍然存在于C.广告350到现在。 P.Sylvestris在爱尔兰灭绝的假设被拒绝了。这些调查结果应告知基于证据的森林管理和政策。他们支持在原住民中包含P. Sylvestris。一般而言，重新提交的p.Sylvestris应该被管理为爱尔兰林地的本土物种。所提出的数据应告知现场和物种选择。岩石中的P.Sylvestris群体具有高保护价值，但其稀有性增加了其灭绝风险。应该仔细管理和监测，种子采购必须与人口的长期活力相容。需要林业和自然保护机构之间的合作，以确保其持续的生存并为恢复爱尔兰的原住民恢复的机会。

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