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Aeroecology meets aviation safety: early warning systems in Europe and the Middle East prevent collisions between birds and aircraft

机译：气体生态符合航空安全：欧洲和中东的预警系统防止鸟类和飞机之间的碰撞

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>The aerosphere is utilized by billions of birds, moving for different reasons and from short to great distances spanning tens of thousands of kilometres. The aerosphere, however, is also utilized by aviation which leads to increasing conflicts in and around airfields as well as en‐route. Collisions between birds and aircraft cost billions of euros annually and, in some cases, result in the loss of human lives. Simultaneously, aviation has diverse negative impacts on wildlife. During avian migration, due to the sheer numbers of birds in the air, the risk of bird strikes becomes particularly acute for low‐flying aircraft, especially during military training flights. Over the last few decades, air forces across Europe and the Middle East have been developing solutions that integrate ecological research and aviation policy to reduce mutual negative interactions between birds and aircraft. In this paper we 1) provide a brief overview of the systems currently used in military aviation to monitor bird migration movements in the aerosphere, 2) provide a brief overview of the impact of bird strikes on military low‐level operations, and 3) estimate the effectiveness of migration monitoring systems in bird strike avoidance. We compare systems from the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Israel, which are all areas that Palearctic migrants cross twice a year in huge numbers. We show that the en‐route bird strikes have decreased considerably in countries where avoidance systems have been implemented, and that consequently bird strikes are on average 45% less frequent in countries with implemented avoidance systems in place. We conclude by showing the roles of operational weather radar networks, forecast models and international and interdisciplinary collaboration to create safer skies for aviation and birds.
机译： >航空圈被数十亿只鸟使用，以不同的原因移动，从短到跨越数万公里的距离。然而，航空的航空圈也用于航空，这导致机场和周围的冲突以及途径。鸟类和飞机之间的碰撞每年花费数十亿欧元，在某些情况下，导致人类生命的丧失。同时，航空对野生动物有不同的负面影响。在禽流地期间，由于空中鸟类数量庞大，鸟类罢工的风险对低飞行飞机的风险变得尤其剧烈，特别是在军事训练航班期间。在过去的几十年里，欧洲和中东的空军一直在开发解决方案，整合生态研究和航空政策，以减少鸟类和飞机之间的相互负面相互作用。在本文中，我们提供了在军用航空中使用的系统简要概述，以监测航空流域的鸟类迁徙运动，2）简要概述鸟类罢工对军事低级运营的影响，以及3）估计迁移监测系统在鸟罢工中的有效性。我们比较来自荷兰，比利时，德国，波兰和以色列的系统，这些系统都是假人移民每年跨越大量的两倍。我们表明，在避免系统已经实施的国家，在避免系统的国家，鸟类鸟类罢工的速度大幅下降，因此在实施避免系统到位的国家/地区，鸟类罢工平均频率低45％。我们通过展示运营天气雷达网络，预测模型和国际和跨学科合作的角色来为航空和鸟类创造更安全的天空。

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  • 来源
    《Ecography》 |2019年第5期|共13页
  • 作者

    van Gasteren Hans; Krijgsveld Karen L.; Klauke Nadine; Leshem Yossi; Metz Isabel C.; Skakuj Michal; Sorbi Serge; Schekler Inbal; Shamoun‐Baranes Judy;

  • 作者单位

    Royal Netherlands Air Force Breda the Netherlands and Theoretical and Computational Ecology Inst. for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics Univ. of Amsterdam AmsterdamAmsterdam the Netherlands;

    Royal Netherlands Air ForceBreda the Netherlands;

    Bundeswehr Geoinformation CentreEuskirchen Germany;

    Tel Aviv Univ. George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Dept of Zoology Ramat AvivTel Aviv Israel;

    Inst. of Flight Guidance German Aerospace Center DLR Braunschweig Germany and Control and Simulation Dept Faculty of Aerospace Engineering Delft Univ. of TechnologyDelft the Netherlands;

    EkoaviationGdańsk Poland;

    Aviation Safety Directorate Belgian Air ForceBeauvechain Belgium;

    Dept of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology Univ. of HaifaHaifa Israel;

    Theoretical and Computational Ecology Inst. for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics Univ. of AmsterdamAmsterdam the Netherlands;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 生态学（生物生态学）;
  • 关键词

    bird strike; radar; warning system; military aviation; bird migration;

    机译：鸟罢工;雷达;警告系统;军事航空;鸟迁移;

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