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首页> 外文期刊>Ecology: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America >When the 'selfish herd' becomes the 'frozen herd': spatial dynamics and population persistence in a colonial seabird
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When the 'selfish herd' becomes the 'frozen herd': spatial dynamics and population persistence in a colonial seabird

机译：当“自私群”成为“冷冻群”时：殖民地海鸟的空间动态和人口持久性

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摘要

Aggregations are common in ecological systems at a range of scales and may be driven by exogenous constraints such as environmental heterogeneity and resource availability or by "self-organizing" interactions among individuals. One mechanism leading to self-organized animal aggregations is captured by Hamilton's "selfish herd" hypothesis, which suggests that aggregations may be driven by an individual's effort to minimize their risk of predation by surrounding themselves with conspecifics. We demonstrate that aggregations observed in Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colonies are a convolution of both self-organized dynamics and external forcing arising from landscape terrain. In fluid, highly mobile aggregations, individuals are constantly moving in response to changing environmental conditions, the locations of predators, or the movements of conspecifics. However, when the ability to rearrange is limited and spatial reconfiguration occurs on slower time scales than changes in population size, systems may become trapped in suboptimal arrangements. We use simulated annealing to demonstrate that Adélie Penguin colonies are frozen in suboptimal spatial arrangements, and employ an individual- based modeling approach to demonstrate that this suboptimal spatial configuration is driven by a convolution of nest site fidelity and stochastic events at the level of individual nests. The resulting spatial dynamics are responsible for a hysteretic response to long-term changes in abundance. We find that declining abundance leads to fragmentation even in a homogeneous environment, which has population-level consequences for reproductive success because predation is biased towards colony edges. Strong edge effects from heterogeneous predation coupled with fragmentation in response to population declines create a positive feedback cycle that can accelerate population decline. This work provides a mechanistic understanding of complex spatial structuring in penguin colonies, pro
机译：聚集在一系列尺度的生态系统中是常见的，并且可以由外源限制的驱动，例如环境异质性和资源可用性，或者通过“自组织”相互作用。汉密尔顿的“自私群”假设捕获了一种导致自我组织动物聚集的一种机制，这表明，该汇总可能是由个人努力最大限度地减少其捕食风险的努力。我们证明在AdéliePenguin（Pygoscelis Adeliae）殖民地观察到的聚集是自组织动态和外部迫使来自景观地形的卷积。在流体，高度移动聚合中，个体不断地响应于改变环境条件，捕食者的位置，或者是消费者的运动。然而，当重新排列的能力有限并且在较慢的时间尺度上发生空间重新配置时比人口大小的变化，系统可能被捕获在次优的布置中。我们使用模拟退火来证明AdéliePenguin菌落在次优空间安排中被冻结，并采用基于个人的建模方法来证明，这种次优空间配置是由巢站保真度和随机事件的卷积在个人巢穴水平上驱动的驱动。由此产生的空间动态负责滞后响应丰富的长期变化。我们发现，即使在均匀的环境中，也会导致碎片导致碎片，这对生殖成功具有人口级别的后果，因为捕食被偏向殖民地边缘。来自异质捕食的强边效应与人口响应碎片的异质捕食率下降创造了可以加速人口下降的积极反馈周期。这项工作为Penguin Colonies的复杂空间结构提供了机械理解理解，专业

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